



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 







A 


SYSTEMATIC VIEW 

or 

GEOGRAPHY, 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 

ARRANGEMENT, CLASSIFICATION, CONCISENESS, 
ASSOCIATION, AND REVIEWS; 

CONTAINED IN THREE PARTS; 

INCLUDING A 

GENERAL, PARTICULAR, AND MISCELLANEOUS 

VIEW OF TPIE WORLD. 






B r 
V 


WILLIAM WARREN 


f * 


rmiKCIPAL OF THE WINDHAM HIGH SCHOOL 


» *•<; n?- 

JOOL ' “'A VAX 


Third. Edition. 


•-•^vVV -ii "M T 

.. —'1 4 1 1 1 < i I \ 

■ "7 




1 

. ■: VA' 


PORTLAND: 

PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM HYDE. 


1843 , 


Kntered according to Act of Congress, A. D. 1842, 

By E. F. Duren, 

In tke Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States 

for the District of Maine. 


/ 



STEREO T'^prn AT THE 
BOSTON TYPE AND S: EREOTYPE FOUNDRY. 


Sc 

o 








INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



A 


I 


A SCHOOL book, to gain the confidence of the public, must 
not only possess excellences, but such as no other work of the 

• ind possesses. Community is already flooded with school books, 
and greatly to the perplexity of committees, teachers, and schol- 
irs. Therefore each new book ought to diminish, rather than 
1 • ^rease, the number of the kind already in use. 

The design of this work is to spread before the minds of the 
young, in as condensed and simple a manner as possible, the gen- 
eral outlines of the earth, and the particular points of interest per- 
taining to each country. A comprehensive view, or kind of pan- 

* 'ama of the earth in its natural form of continents, oceans, islands, 
mountains, seas, gulfs, rivers, &c., is first presented to the eye, 
and then a particular view of the prominent features of each 
country and state, — upon the following plan : — 

(1.) We have selected the most important points of interest be- 
longing to each country, and treated of those points exclusively 
in each case, and in order. They embrace the physical^ civil, and 
moral aspects of the country. The points selected are these : — 
1. Boundanes, 2, Rivers and other Waters, 3. Mountains or 
Deserts. 4. Productions. 5. Capital and Chief Towns. 6. Gov- 
ernment. 7. Religion. 8. State of ^Education and Morals. 9. Re- 
marks — touching the peculiarities of the country. 

(2.) We have aimed at brevity, and yet explicitness of defini- 
tion and perspicuity of expression throughout. 


(3.) We have made use, when we could, of the law of associa- 
tion, to aid the memory and abbreviate the labor of the pupil. 

(4.) We have observed order and system in reference to the 
questions. 


(5.) We have introduced a system of reviewing, by which the 
pupil is enabled to retain what he has learned. 

(6.) We have annexed to each lesson miscellaneous remarks 
' and questions, to be attended to by those who go through the 
work a second time. 


1 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


We are aware that authors differ as to what appropriately be- 
longs to the study of geography. They differ still more in 
respect to the best method of communicating the knowledge per- 
taining to this science. To confine ourselves to what is merely 
physical, or pure geography, would be to present a very meagre 
view of the subject. And to consign the civil and moral features 
of the different countries to tables or columns of statistics, is to 
shut out from the regular course of study a great amount of use- 
ful information. And yet there is danger of throwing together 
such a confused mass of facts, as to render the study wearisome 
and perplexing. We have endeavored to strike a medium be- 
tween these two extremes. 

And as to the best way of communicating the facts properly 
belonging to this science, we remark that in this, as in every 
subject, general principles and trut'.s should first be presented 
and then the more particular and minute. To begin the study of 
geography with a particular country, river, or rill, and close it 
with a general view of the earth, srems like commencing the 
study of grammar with a case or tense, and closing it with the 
noun or verb ; or like commencing the study of chemistry with 
the atomic theory, and closing it with a general discussion of 
tlie elements. There is notliing like it in fact, but the blowing 
of a trumpet, for which this theory seems to have been started. 

Upon the present plan, we have the advantage of simplicity, 
order, association, and system in questioning and reviewing. 

The subject of geography is often so presented, that the pupil, 
when he has been through it, feels like one that has been through 
a wilderness. He has seen a great many objects, but all is con- 
fusion and darkness behind. But it may be presented so that 
the scholar, when he has been through it, will feel that he has 
been through a park! He can see back the whole distance, 
and review distinctly all the objects he has passed. Said an indi- 
vidual who had been through this study upon an improved plan, 
“My knowledge of geography was once like the straw's in a 
stack of hay — confusion ; it is now like tlie straw's in a sliock of 
rye.” Thd illustration, though not in very good taste, meets the 
point precisely. 

This system had been put to the test of several years’ expe- 
rience, by the author and others, before its publication ; and it 
has been found to awaken an interest in the study altogetlier 
unusual. The amount of geographical knowledge is increased, the 
memory strengthened, and general mental discipline promoted, by 
the plan here presented. It is hoped that this work will facilitate 
the acquisition of a branch of' knowledge that has hitlierto been 
difficult to acquire, and still more difficult to retain. The third 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


6 


part, or Miscellaneous View, embraces a brief historical sketch of 
the different countries and states, and also a glance at the dif- 
ferent missionary stations, with questions. The study can be 
extended to these subjects, if it is desired. 

The Author acknowledges the aid derived from other authors 
in the compilation of this work — especially from Goodrich and 
Balbi. 


SECOND EDITION. 


The first edition of this work was thrown out hastily, as an ex- 
periment, to test the general plan, and elicit information and 
criticism. The present edition is thoroughly revised and rewrit- 
ten ; and a more accurate definition is given of each country, and 
a different method of association, in some respects, assumed. 

This edition is accompanied with an Atlas, adapted to the plan. 
We have taken a medium between the scantiness of Field’s Atlas 
and the fulness of Smith’s and Olney’s. It will be noticed that, 
in the Atlas accompanying this work, the length of rivers, length 
and height of mountains, and the dimensions of bodies of water, 
are generally given. Moreover, the missionary stations of the 
different religious denominations are referred to by a symbol. 
The form of government in each country is indicated by the char- 
acter standing for its capital, and the religion by the coloring 
upon the border of the country. 


Windham, April 20, 1843. 


W. W. 


0 


V 


DIRECTIONS. 


In giving the boundaries of countries, I have given only a 
plan, or skeleton, to guide the scholar, while he is to refer to the 
maps for the particular facts. The scholar should be questioned 
in reference to the climate of each country, to be inferred from its 
latitude and its proximity to bodies of water, and to deserts or 
mountains. 

For young classes, these lessons will be found too long. 
When this is the case, they may be conveniently divided. And 
when there are members in the class that cannot advance as fast 
as the rest of the class, a part of the questions in each lesson may 
be conveniently omitted, as the questions in each lesson are 
nearly similar. 

Teachers will explain the meaning of words which the pupils 
may not understand, and ask additional questions when they think 
proper. 


N 


GEOGRAPHY. 


PART I . 

I 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 


LESSON 1. 

Geography is a description of the earth and its inhabitants. 
The form of the earth is round, like a ball or globe. 



The Axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing 
through its centre, from north to south, around which it 
turns. 


8 


GENERAL VIEW. 


The earth turns around its axis once in 24 hours. This 
motion is called its diurnal or daily revolution. It is this 
that gives us day and night, sunrise, noonday, and sunset. 

The Poles are the ends of the axis. 

The Equator is an imaginary circle, passing around the 
earth from east to west, at an equal distance from the 
poles. 



The Tropics are two circles, parallel with the equator, 
and distant from it nearly 23j degrees. That north of 
the equator is the Tropic of Cancer ; that south of it, the 
Tropic of Capricorn. 

The Polar Circles are parallel with the tropics, and are 
at the same distance from the poles that the tropics are 
from the equator. 

The circle around the north pole is the Arctic Circle ; 
that around the south pole is the Antarctic Circle. 

QUESTIONS. 1. What is geography ? 2. What is the form 

of the earth ? .3. What is the axis of the earth? 4. How often does 
the earth turn round its axis ? 5. What is this motion called ? 

6. What does it give us ? 7. What are the poles ? 8. What is the 
equator? 9. What are the tropics? 10. Name them. 11. Where 
are the polar circles ? 12. How far are they from the poles ? 

13. Which is the arctic circle ? 14. Which is the antarctic circle ? 


DEFINITIONS. 


9 


LESSON II. 

The earth belongs to a system of planets, or worlds, that 
revolve around the sun. The earth revolves around the 
sun once in 305:^ days. This motion is called its annual 
or yearly revolution. It is this that gives us winter and 
summer, spring and autumn, seed-time and harvest. 

The Sun is a vast luminous body, situated in the centre 
of the solar system. It is the source of light, heat, and 
attraction to all the planets. 

The earth is ninety-six million miles from the sun. 

The greatest distance through a globe, or a straight line 
through its centre, is called its diameter ; the greatest dis- 
tance round a globe is called its circumference. 

The diameter of the earth is eight thousand miles. Its 
circumference is nearly twenty-five thousand miles. 

The sun is more than a million times larger than our 
earth. 

The parts of the earth are usually represented on flat 
surfaces, called maps. 

In studying a map, the part towards you is south, the 
part from you is north, the part at the right hand is east, 
the part at the left hand is west. 



The Lines of Latitude are circles round the earth, paral- 
lel with the equator and the tropics. 


10 


GENERAL VIEW. 



The Meridian Lines are circles round the earth, crossing 
the equator at right angles, and crossing each other at the 
poles. 



Latitude is distance reckoned north and south, from the 
equator. 

Longitude is distance reckoned east and west, frorn sonie 
fixed meridian. The principal one is Greenwich, in 
England. 

All circles are divided into 360 equal parts, called 
degrees. 

Degrees are divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes. 

Minutes are also divided into 60 equal parts, called 
seconds. 

QUESTIONS. 1. To what does the earth belong ? 2. How often 
does the earth revolve around the sun ? 3. What does this give us . 

4. What is the sun.? 5. Of what is it the source ^ 6. How far is 


HEMISPHERES AND ZONES. 


11 


the earth from the sun ? 7. What is diameter ? 8. What is circum- 
ference ? 9. What is the diameter of the earth? 10. What is its cir- 
cumference ? 11. How much larger is the sun than the earth ? 12. 

How are the parts of the earth usually represented ? (Open to the 
Map of the World.) 13. The part of the map towards you is what ? 
14. The part from you is what ? 15. The part at the right hand ? 
16. The part at the left ? 17. What are lines of latitude ? 
18. What are meridian lines ? 19. What is latitude ? 20. What is 
longitude ? 21. How are all circles divided ? 22. How are degrees 
divided ? 23. How are minutes divided ? 

Review Lesson L 

(The teacher will explain to the pupil the meaning of the terms 
unexplained in the lessons. He will require the scholar to point 
out upon the map, the equator, poles, and the different circles, 
lines, &c.) 


♦ 


LESSON III. 


HEMISPHERES AND ZONES. 

HEMISPHERES. 

A Hemisphere is half of the globe. The half of the earth 
north of the equator is called the Northern Hemisphere* 

The half of the earth south of the equator is called the 
Southern Hemisphere. 

The half of the earth including Europe, Asia, Africa, and 
Australia, nearly in a circle, is called the Eastern 
Hemisphere. 

The half including North and South America, in the 
same manner, the Western Hemisphere. 

ZONES. 

Zones are imaginary belts, surrounding the earth. There 
are five — the Torrid, two Temperate, and two Frigid 
Zones. 

The Torrid Zone may be styled the red helty because it 
encircles the hottest parts of the earth. 


12 


GENERAL VIEW. 


The Temperate Zones may be Fty^ed green belts, because 
they encircle the more fertile parts. 

The Frigid Zones may be styled white belts, or caps, 
because they cover the extreme ends of the earth, whitened 
by snow. 

The Torrid Zone encircles the centre of the earth, and 
extends each way from the equator to the tropics. 

The Temperate Zones lie between the tropics and the 
polar circles. 

The Frigid Zones extend from the polar circles to the 
poles. 

The zones may be bounded by the sun, as follows: — 

The Torrid Zone encircles those parts of the earth 
where the sun is sometimes in the year vertical, or directly 
overhead. 

The Temperate Zones encircle those parts of the earth 
where the sun is never vertical, and never hidden. 

The Frigid Zones cover those parts of the earth where 
the sun, for a season, is hidden, that is, not seen, during the 
24 hours. 



QUESTIONS. 1 . What is a hemisphere ? 2. Which is the north- 
ern hemisphere ? 3. Which is the southern hemisphere ? 4. What 

portion of the earth is called the eastern hemisphere 5. What 
is called the western hemisphere ? 6. What are zones ^ 7. Name 

them. 8. What may the torrid zone be styled ? 9. Why ? 10. 

What may the temperate zones be styled.^ 11. Why.? 12. What 
may the frigid zones be styled.? 13. Why.? 14. Where is the torrid 
zone.? 15. Where the temperate zones.? 16. Where the frigid zones.? 
17. How else may the zones be bounded.? 18. What part of the 
earth does the torrid zone encircle .? 19. The two temperate zones ? 

20. What parts do the two frigid zones cover .? 


I 


CONTINENTS. 13 

Review the preceding lessons. 

(The teacher will explain the words temperate^ torrid^ 
fertile^ &c. &c., and do the same in each lesson. He will ask also 
additional questions, as his judgment may dictate.) 




jLESSON IV. 

CONTINENTS. 

Continents are the largest surfaces of land on the globe. 
There are six — JElurope^ Asia^ Africa., North America^ 
South America, and Australia. (Map of the World.) 

Europe lies in one zone. It is situated between the A. 
Ocean on the north and the M. Sea on the south, and 
between A. on the east and the A. Ocean on the west. 

Asia lies also in one zone. It is situated between the A. 
Ocean on the north and the I. Ocean on the south, and 
between the P. Ocean on the east and E. on the west. 

Africa lies mostly in one zone. It is situated between 
the M. Sea on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, 
and between the I. Ocean and R. Sea on the east and the 
A. Ocean on the west. 

North America lies in one zone. It is situated between 
the A. Ocean on the north and the Gulf of M. on the 
south, and between the A. Ocean on the east and the 
P. Ocean on the west. 

South America lies in tivo zones. It is situated between 
the C. Sea on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, 
and between the A. Ocean on the east and the P. Ocean 
on the west. 

Australia, lies also in two zones. It is situated be- 
tween the Archipelago, separating the I. and the P. Oceans, 
on the north, and the S. Ocean on the south, and between 
the P. Ocean on the east and the I. Ocean on the west. 

The edge of land bordering on the water is called a 
coast or shore. 


2 


14 


GENERAL VIEW. 


A point of land extending into a sea, or ocean, if level, 
is called a cape; if elevated, di promontory , 

QUESTIONS. 1. What are continents ? 2. Name the continents 
on the globe. 3. In what zone and hemispheres is Europe ? 4. How 
is it situated 5. In what zone and hemispheres is Asia 6. How 

situated ? 7. In what zones and hemispheres is Africa ? 8. How is it 

situated ? 9. In what zone and hemispheres is North America ? 

10. How situated.^ 11. In what zones and hemispheres does South 
America lie ? 12. How is it situated ? 13. In what zones and hem- 
ispheres is Australia? 14. How situated ? 15. What is a coast 

16. What are points of land extending into the ocean, when level, 
called ? 17. What are tliey called when elevated ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON V. 

(The pupil, in these lessons, must rely principally on the maps.) 

OCEANS. 

Oceans are the largest surfaces of water on the globe. 

There are five — the Pacific, Atlantic, Southern, In- 
dian, and Arctic Oceans. (Map of the World.) 

The Pacific Ocean lies i;i three zones, extending from 
Behring’s Strait on the north to the S. Ocean on the south, 
and from A. on the east to A. and Aust. on the west. 

The Atlantic Ocean lies also in three zones. It ex- 
tends from the A. Ocean on the north to the S. Ocean 
on the south, and from E. and A. on the east to N. and 
S. A. on the west. 

The Southern Ocean lies in two zones. It has only a 
northern boundary — the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian 
Oceans, and the continents of S. America, Africa, and Aus- 
tralia. 

The Indian Ocean lies mostly in one zone — between A. 


ISLANDS, PENINSULAS, &C. 


15 


on the north and the S. Ocean on the south, and between 
Aust. on the east and A. on the west. 

The Arctic Ocean lies wholly in one zone. It has only 
a southern boundary, which is Europe, Asia, N. America, 
and the A. Ocean. 

QUESTIONS. 1. What is an ocean ? 2. Name the oceans on 
the globe. 3. Where is the Pacific Ocean situated ? (Mention the 
zones in which it lies, and give its boundaries ; or tell what lies north, 
east, south, and west of it.) 4. Where is the Atlantic Ocean situ- 
ated ? 5. Where is the Southern Ocean situated ^ 6. Where is the 
Indian Ocean situated.? 7. Where is the Arctic Ocean situated.? 
(Mention its zone and the countries and oceans that lie south of it.) 

(The teacher will question the scholars in reference to the climate 
of the oceans, continents, seas, &c., to be inferred from their latitude, 
or situation in respect to mountains or deserts. He will also question 
them, in all cases, in respect to the latitude and longitude of bodies of 
water and countries ; not as to the precise degrees, but their general 
latitude and longitude.) 

' Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON VI. 

ISLANDS, PENINSULAS, &c. 


An Island is a portion of land entirely surrounded by 
water. 

A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by 
water. 

An Isthmus is a neck of land uniting a peninsula with 
the main land. 

The Japan Islands lie between the Sea of J. and the P. 

O. , near A. (Map of Asia.) 

The Philippine Islands lie between the C. Sea and tha 

P. Ocean, near A. 

Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and Neio Guinea, lie between 
Aust. and A. and the I. and P. Oceans. 


16 


GENERAL VIEW. 


New Zealand lies in the Pacific Ocean, near Aust. 
(Map of the World.) 

The Island of Madagascar lies in the Indian Ocean, 
near Africa. 

The British Islands lie between the N. Sea and the A. 
Ocean, near the continent of E. (Map of Europe.) 

Iceland lies in the A. Ocean, between E. and N. 
America. 

Nova Zemhla lies in the A. Ocean, near E. and A. 

Greenland, supposed to be an island, lies between the A. 
and A. Oceans, near N. A. (Map of N. America.) 

Newfoundland lies between the Gulf of St. L. and the 
A. Ocean, near N. A. 

The West India Islands lie between the C. Sea and the 
A. Ocean, between N. and S. America. 

Spain and Portugal are a peninsula lying between the 

A. Ocean and the M. Sea. (Map of Europe.) 

Norway and Sweden are a peninsula, lying between the 

B. Sea and the N. Sea. 

Labrador is a peninsula, lying between H.’s Bay and the 
A. Ocean. (Map of N. A.) 

The Isthmus of Suez lies between A. and A. and the M. 
and 11. Seas. (Map of Africa.) 

The Isthmus of Darien lies between N. and S. America 
and the P. Ocean and the C. Sea. (Map of S. A.) 

QUESTIONS. 1. What is an island 2. What is a peninsula 
3. What is an isthmus? 4. Where are the Japan Isles? (Tell 
in what hemisphere, zone, ocean, or waters, and near what con- 
tinent, they are ; so in eacli case.) 5. Where are the Philippine 
Islands? 6. Where are Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea? 
7. Where is New Zealand ? 8. Where is Madagascar ? 9. Where 

o 

are the British Islands? 10. Where is Iceland ? 11. Where is Nova 
Zemhla? 12. Where is Greenland ? 13. Where is Newfoundland ? 

14. Where are the West Indies? f5. Mention all the countries in 
Asia tliat are peninsulas. 16. In Europe. 17. In N. America. 
18. Where is the Isthmus of Suez ? 11). Where is the Isthmus of 
Darien ? 

Review the tliree preceding lessons. 


MOUNTAINS AND PLAINS. 


17 


s 

LESSON VII. 
MOUNTAINS AND PLAINS. 


A Mountain is a vast elevation of land. 

When a mountain emits smoke and flame, it is called a 
volcano. 

Plains are larore surfaces of level land. When these lands 
are covered with grass, and fed by vast herds of cattle, they 
are called, in N. America, ; in S. America, ; 

in Siberia, steppes. When they are barren, or covered with 
sand, they are called deserts. 

"An Oasis is a fertile spot in a desert, like an island in 
an ocean. 

The Altai Mountains are in A., between the C. empire 
and Siberia. (Map of Asia.) 

The Himmaleh Mountains are in Asia, between the C. 
empire and H. 

The Mountains of the Moon are in Central Africa, and 
run parallel with the equator. (Map of Africa.) 

The Ural Mountains are between E. and A. (Map of 
Europe.) 

The Alps are in E., near the M. Sea. 

The Rochy Mountains are in N. America, and run 
parallel with the P. Ocean. 

The Andes are in S. America, and run parallel with the 
P. Ocean. (Map of S. America.) 

The Sandy Desert and Desert of Shamo are in the C. 
empire. (Map of Asia.) 

The Arabian Desert is in Arabia. 

The Desert of Sahara, or Great Desert, is in A., between 
the R. Sea and the A. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) 

QUESTIONS. 1. What is a mountain ? 2. When is a mountain, 
a volcano.^ 3. What is a plain 4. When plains are covered with 
grass, what are they called ^ 5. What are they called when they are 

covered with sand ? 6. What is an oasis ? 7. Where are the Altai 

2 * 


18 


GENERAL VIEW. 


Mountains ? (Tell in what hemisphere, zone, continent, and country, 
or countries, they are situated.) 8. Where are the Himmaleh Moun- 
tains 9. Where are the Mountains of the Moon 10. Where are 
the Ural Mountains.? 11. Where are the Alps.? 12. Where are the 
Rocky Mountains .? 13. Where are the Andes .? 14. Where are the 

Sandy Desert and Desert of Shamo .? 15. Where is the Arabian 

Desert .? 16. Where is the Desert of Sahara ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON VIII. 
THE PRINCIPAL SEAS. 


Seas are surfaces of salt water smaller than oceans. 

An Archipelago is a sea interspersed with islands. 

The Sea of Okotsk lies north-east of A., and is connected 
with the P. Ocean. (Map of the World.) 

The Chinese Sea lies south-east of A., between the P. 
and I. Oceans. 

The Arabian Sea lies south of A., and is connected with 
the I. Ocean. 

The Red Sea lies between A. and A., and is connected 
with the Indian Ocean. 

The Caspian Sea lies in A., and is connected with no 
other waters. 

The Black Sea lies between A. and E., and is connected 
with the M. Sea. 

The Mediterranean Sea lies between E. and A., and is 
connected with the A. Ocean. 

The North Sea lies west of Europe, and is connected 
with the A. Ocean. 

The Baltic Sea lies in E., and is connected with the N. 
Sea and A. Ocean. 

The Caribbean Sea lies between N. and S. A., and is 
connected with the Atlantic Ocean. 


THE PRINCIPAL GULFS AND BAYS. 


19 


QUESTIONS. 1. What are seas? 2 . What is an archipelago ? 

3 . Where is the Sea of Okotsk ? (Tell the hemisphere, zone, conti- 
nent, and ocean, or seas, with which it is connected, in each case.) 

4. Where is the Chinese Sea? 5. Where is the Sea of Arabia? 

6. Where is the Red Sea? 7. Where is the Caspian Sea? 8. Where 
is the Black Sea ? 9. Where is the Mediterranean Sea ? 10. Where 

is the North Sea? 11. Where is the Baltic Sea? 12. Where is the 
Caribbean Sea ? 13. In what hemisphere are all the seas ? 14. In 

what zone are nearly all ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


4 


LESSON IX. 

THE PRINCIPAL GULFS AND BAYS. 


Gulfs or Bays are parts of an ocean or sea extending 
into the main land. There is no well-defined distinction 
between a gulf and a bay. 

The Bay of Bengal lies south of A., and is connected 
with the I. Ocean. (Map of Asia.) 

The Persian Gulf lies between P. and A., and is con- 
nected with the A. Sea. 

The Gulf of Guinea lies south-west of A., and is con- 
nected with the A. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) 

The Gulf of Venice lies between A. and L, and is con- 
nected with the M. Sea. (Map of Europe.) 

The Bay of Biscay lies between F. and S., and is con- 
nected with the A. Ocean. 

The Gulf of Bothnia lies between S. and R., and i* 
connected with the Baltic Sea. 

Baffin’s Bay lies between G. and B. A., and is connected 
with the A. Ocean. (Map of N. America.) 

Hudson’s Bay lies in B. A., and is connected with the 
A. Ocean. 


20 


GENERAL VIEW. 


The Gulf of St. Laicrence lies east of B. A., and is con- 
nected with the A. Ocean. 

The Gulf of Mexico lies south of the U. S., and is con- 
nected with the A. Ocean. 

The Gulf of California lies south-west of M., and it 
connected with the P. Ocean. 

QUESTIONS. 1. What is a gulf or bay ? 2. Where is the Bay 
of Bengal ? (Describe each, as you did the seas.) 3. Where is the 
Persian Gulf.^ 4. Where is the Gulf of Guinea.? 5. Where is the 
Gulf of Venice.? 6. Where is the Bay of Biscay.? 7. Where is 
the Gulf of Bothnia .? 8. Where is Baffin’s Bay .? 9. Where is 

Hudson’s Bay .? 10. Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence .? 11. Where 
is the Gulf of Mexico .? 12. Where is the Gulf of California .? 

13. In what hemisphere are all the gulfs and bays on the globe ? 

14. In what zone are nearly all .? 

Review the tliree preceding lessons. 




LESSON X . 

PRINCIPAL SOUNDS, STRAITS, AND CHANNELS. 


A Sound is a shallow portion of an ocean or sea. 

A Strait is a narrow passage of water, connecting larger 
bodies. 

A Channel is a passage of water wuder than a strait. 

Long Island Sound lies between Long Island and the 
N. E. States, and is connected with the A. Ocean. (Map 
of the U. States.) 

Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds lie east of N. C., and 
are connected with the A. Ocean. 

Torres Strait separates New G. from Aust., and con* . 
nects the P. and the I. Oceans. (Map of Asia.) 

The Strait of Malacca separates S. from M., and con- 
nects the C. Sea with the Bay of Bengal. 


SOUNDS, STRAITS, AND CHANNELS. 


21 


The Strait of Bahelmandel separates A. from A., and 
connects the R. Sea with the I. Ocean. 

The Mozambique Channel separates M. from A., and 
connects different parts of the I. Ocean. (Map of Africa.) 

The Strait of Gibraltar separates A. from E., and con- 
nects the M. Sea with the A. Ocean. 

The Strait of , Dover and British Channel separate E. 
from F., and connect the N. Sea with the A. Ocean. 
(Map of Europe.) 

The Straits of Skager Rack and Cattegat separate S. 
and N. from D., and connect the B. and N. Seas. 

Behring Strait separates A. from N. A., and connects 
the A. and P. Oceans. (Map of N. America.) 

Davis’s Strait separates G. from B. A., and connects B.’s 
Bay with the A. Ocean. 

Hudson’s Strait separates James’s Island from L., and 
connects Hudson’s Bay with the A. Ocean. 

The Strait of Bellisle separates Newfoundland from 
B. A., and connects the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the A. 
Ocean. 

The Strait of Magellan separates T. from P., and con- 
nects the A. and P. Oceans. (Map of S. America.) 


QUESTIONS. 1. What is a sound? 2. What is a strait? 
3. What is a channel ? 4. Where is Long; Island Sound ? (De- 
scribe as before.) 5. Where are Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds ? 
6. Where is Torres Strait? (Tell the hemisphere and zone; also 
the lands they separate, and the waters they connect.) 7. Where is 
the Strait of Malacca ? 8. Where is the Strait of Babelmandel ? 

9. Where is the Mozambique Channel ? 10. Where is the Strait 

of Gibraltar? 11. Where are the Strait of Dover and the British 
Channel ? 12. Where are the Straits of Skater Rack and Catte- 
gat? 13. Where is Behring’s Strait ? 14. Where is Davis’s Strait ? 

15. Where is Hudson’s Strait? 16. Where is the Strait of Bellisle } 

17. Where is the Strait of Magellan ? 

✓ 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


22 


GENERAL VIEW. 


LESSON XI. 

THE PRINCIPAL LAKES. 

Lakes are the largest collections of fresh water on the 
globe. 

Ponds are smaller collections of fresh water. 

Lake Aral lies in-Asia, east of the C. Sea. 

Lake Wener and Lake Wetter lie in S., west of the B. 
Sea. (Map of Europe.) 

Lakes Ladoga and Onega lie in R., east of the B. Sea. 

Lake Constance and Lake Geneva lie in S., near the 

M. Sea. 

Lake Whinipeg and Slave Lake lie in B. A. (Map of 

N. A.) 

Lakes Superior ^ Michigan^ Huron ^ Erie, and Ontario, 
lie between B. A. and the U. S. (Map of the U. States.) 

Lake Maracayho lies in Ven. near the C. Sea. (Map 
of S. America.) 

Lake Titicaca lies between B. and P., near the P. Ocean. 

QUESTIONS. 1 . What is a lake ? 2. What is a pond 3. Where 
is Lake Aral ? (Describe, as in case of the seas.) 4. Where are Lakes 
Wener and Wetter.^ 5. Where are Lakes Ladoga and Onega.?. 
6. Where are Lakes Constance and Geneva.? 7. Where are Lake 
Winnipeg and Slave Lake.? 8. Wliere are the Great Lakes? 
Where is Lake Maracayho.? 10. Where is Lake Titicaca.? 

Review tlie three preceding lessons. 

/ 

4 


LESSON XII. 
THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS. 


A River is a stream of water that flows from the main 
land into an ocean, or other bodies of water. 


THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS. 


23 


The Branches of a river are the side streams that flow 
into it. 

A Cascade is a sudden fall in a small river. 

A Cataract is a sudden fall in a large river. 

A Frith is the wideninor of a river near its mouth. 

The Rivers Ohi^ Yenisei, Lena, rise in the Altai Moun- 
tains, and run north into ‘the A. Ocean. (Map of Asia.) 

The Hoang-Ho and the Kiang~Ku rise near the deserts 
in the C. empire, and run E. into the P. Ocean. 

The River Indus rises in the H. Mountains, and flows 
south into the A. Sea. 

The River Niger rises in S., and runs south-east into the 
Gulf of G. (Map of Africa.) 

The River Nile rises in the Mountains of the Moon, and 
runs north into the M. Sea. 

The Volga River rises in the Ural Mountains, and runs 
south into the C. Sea. (Map of Europe.) 

The River Danube rises in G., and runs east into the 
B. Sea. 

The St, Lawrence River flows from the Great Lakes, 
north-east, into the Gulf of St. L. (xMap of N. A.) 

The Mississippi River rises near Lake Superior, and 
runs south into the Gulf of M. 

The Missouri River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and 
runs south-east into the M. River. 

The River Amazon rises in the Andes, and flows east 
into the Atlantic Ocean. (Map of S. America.) 

The River La Plata rises in B., and runs south into the 
A. Ocean. 

' QUESTIONS. 1. What is a river ^ 2. What is the branch of a 
river ? 3. What is a cascade ? 4. What is a cataract F 5. What is 

a frith ? 6. Describe the Rivers Obi, Yenisei, and Lena. (Tell 

where they rise, which wny they run, and into what they empty.) 
7. Describe the Rivers Hoano*-Ho and Kiancr-Ku. 8. The Indus. 
9. The Ni^er. 10. The Nile. 11. The Volga. 12. The Danube. 
13. The St. Lawrence. 14. The Mississippi. 15. The Missouri. 
16. The Amazon. 17. The La Plata. 


Review Part I. 


GE.O GRAPH!. 

P ART II. 

PARTICULAR VIEW OF THE EARTH. 


NORTH ASZRRIO A. 

LESSON XIII. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 

Boundaries, N. America is bounded nortli by the A. 
Ocean; east by the A. Ocean; south by the Gulf of M. 
and the P. Ocean ; west by the P. Ocean. 

Islands. Greenland, (supposed to be an island,) Ice- 
land, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Long Island, and the 
West Indies. 

Capes. Capes Farewell and St. Lucas, and Cape Sable. 

Peninsulas. Labrador, Nova Scotia, Guatimala, Yuca- 
tan, and California. 

Mountains. Rocky Mountains, Alleghany, and White 
' Mountains. 

Plains. The vast valley of the Mississippi, extending 
from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. 

Gulfs and Pays. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Mex- 
ico, Gulf of California, — Baffin’s, Hudson’s, and James’s 
Bay, Bay of Fundy, Honduras, and Campeachy. 

Straits. Behring’s, Davis’s, Hudson’s Straits, and 
Strait of Bellisle. 


NORTH AMERIC* 


25 


Lakes, Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg, Lake of the Hills, 
Lakes S., M., H., E., O., and Lake Nicaragua. 

Rivers. Mackenzie’s, St. Lawrence, Ottawa, Mississippi, 
Red, Arkansas, Ohio, Missouri, Rio Del Norte, Colorado, 
and Columbia. 

Minerals. Gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, quicksilver, 
iron, salt, coal, and excellent quarries of marble, granite, 
and limestone. 

Divisions. N. America is divided into Russian Posses- 
sions, British America, United States, Texas, Mexico, and 
Guatirnala. 

Inhabitants. N. America is inhabited by Indians of vari- 
ous races in an uncivilized state, and by European races. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is N. America bounded.^ 2. What 
islands near.^ 3. What capes? 4. Peninsulas? 5. Mountains? 
(). Plains ? 7. What gulfs and bays in N. A. ? 8. What straits ? 

9. Lakes? 10. Rivers? , 11. Minerals? 12. What are the civil 
divisions? 13. By whom is N. America inhabited ? 

Review Part I. 


♦ 


LESSON XIV. 

UNITED STATES. 


Boundaries. The United States are bounded north by 
British America, east by the A. Ocean, south by the Gulf of 
M., and by T. and M., and west by the Western Territories, 

Waters. Massachusetts, Delaware, and Chesapeake 
Bays ; the Gulf of Mexico; Long Island, Albemarle, anc 
Pamlico Sounds ; the Great Lakes on the northern border 
Lake Champlain, east of N. Y. ; the St. Lawrence, Mis- 
sissippi, Arkansas, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers. 

Mountains. Alleghany, Ozark, and White Mountains. 

Productions. These vary with the latitude. In th^ 
Northern, Middle, and Western States, grain of all kinds 
is raised ; and the extensive pastures sustain a great num 


I 


26 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


her of cattle and sheep , from which butter, cheese, beef, 
hides, and wool, are produced. In the Southern States, 
cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar, are cultivated. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Washington City is the 
capital. It is situated upon the Potomac River, in the 
District of Columbia, of which it is also the capital. The 
United States Capitol, built of elegant freestone, and the 
other public buildings, are splendid. The population of 
this city is 20,000. 



Capitol at Washington, 

The District of Columbia is a tract of land 10 miles 
square, ceded to the nation by Virginia and Maryland. 
It lies on both sides of the Potomac River. It is under 
the government of the United States. 

Alexandria and Georgetown are the other principal 
towns in this District. Each has considerable trade, and 
about 9,000 inhabitants. 

New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston, are the 
principal cities of the United States. 

Government, A confederated republic. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


27 


These states declared themselves independent of Great 
Britain in 1776. The Federal Constitution was adopted 
in 1789. 

A Kcpuhlic is a form of government where the people 
elect their rulers ; or where all the power proceeds directly 
from the people, through their representatives. 

A ConfcderacTj is several distinct governments, united in 
one general government. 

A Confederated Kepiihlic is a government formed by the 
union of several smaller republics. In a confederacy, the 
different governments may be united in a single point, and 
for a single purpose ; or they may be united in several 
points, and for a variety of purposes, which is the case in 
the United States. Governments of different kinds are 
sometimes united into a confederacy. 

Religion, Protestant. 

The Protestant relio:ion includes all those religious sects 
that are distinct from the Roman Catholic church. The 
Protestants are so called from the fact that they protested 
against the Catholic church, in the time of the reformation. 

The Roman Catholics believe in the supremacy and in- 
fallibility of the pope, and adhere to certain doctrines and 
forms that are rejected by the Protestants. They are also 
called Papists, 

State of Education and 3Iorals. In the New England, 
Middle, and Western States, it is comparatively good. A 
common school system prevails here to a considerable extent. 
In the Southern States slavery exists, which exerts an un- 
favorable influence upon society. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How are the United States bounded 2. What 
waters in the U. S. ? 3. Mountains? 4. What are the produc- 
tions ? 5. What is the capital ? 6. What is said of the District of 

Columbia? 7. What are the chief towns in this District? 8. Men- 
tion some of the principal cities in the U. S. 9. What is the form 
of government? 10. What took place in 1776? 11. What in 1789? 

12. What is a republic ? 13. What is a confederac}/ ? 14. How 

are governments united in a confederacy? 15. What is the religion 
of the U. S.? 16. What does the Protestant religion include? 

17. Why are the Protestants so called? 18. What is said of the 
Roman Catholics ? ^19. What is the state of education and morals ? 

Review the six preceding lessons. 


28 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


Second Course. (The questions not numbered are to be omitted 
the first time going through the work. They are to be answered, in 
addition to the stated questions, by those only who go through the 
. book a second time. Mention all the bays and gulfs that touch the 
U. S.^ Mention all the lakes, sounds, capes, mountains, and prin- 
cipal rivers. How is the District of Columbia situated Which way 
from Chesapeake Bay ? Which way from Lake Erie ? Which wav 
from the Gulf of Mexico ?) ^ 




LESSON XV. 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, and Connecticut, are called the Netv Enf(land States. 
The early inhabitants originated mostly from England. 

MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

MAINE. 



Boundaries, Maine is bounded north by C., east by N. 
B., south by the A. Ocean, west by N. H. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


29 


Rivers. St. John, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
and Saco. 

Mountains. Katalidin and Saddleback. 

Productions. Corn and grain of various kinds, includ- 
ing wheat, rye, oats, barley ; the products of the pasture, 
including beef, wool, butter, cheese, &c. ; and timbers, 
including boards, staves, shingles, clapboards, and ship- 
timber. 

Capital and Chi(^ Towns. The capital is Augusta. 
It is situated at the head of navigation, on the Kennebec 
Ri ver. It is a neat and flourishing place. The State House 
is a beautiful o-ranite edifice. An Arsenal and Insane Hos- 

o 

pital are located here. Population, (3,000. 

Portland, on Casco Bay, is a pleasant and beautiful city. 
It has a fine harbor and good commercial advantages. 
The Exchange is one of the handsomest erections in New 
England. Population, 16,000. 

B anT^or, at the head of navi oration on the Penobscot, is a 
growing city. A Theological Seminary is established here. 
The trade of this city e.juals, perhaps exceeds, that of any 
other town in the state. Population, 10,900. 

Other principal towns are Bath, Hallowell, Gardiner, 
Thornasto.u, Calais, and Eastport. 

Government. Republican. A Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, chosen by the people, compose the legislature. 

Rellghm. The Congregationalists, Baptists, and Meth- 
odists, have nearly an equal number. The Free-will Baptists 
are numerous. 'Phere are Christians, Universalists, and 
, other sects, in the state. 

State of Education and Morals. Good. A common 
school system is estabkshed here by law, which affords 
equal advantages to all. There are colleges at Bruns- 
wick and Waterville, 

Re?.iarks. Maine has a long line of sea-coast, upon which 
are many fine harbors and flourishing villages. Jn tha back parts 
of the state there are vast timber forests. In ship-building, 
Maine ranks first in the United States: in the value of its 
shipping, it ranks fourth. There are several valuable mines, and 
quarries of gran'te and limestone, in the state. Remnants of the 
Penobscot and Passamaquoddy tribes of Indians still exist here. 

3 * 


30 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


Boundaries. N. H. is bounded north by C., east by M., 
south by M., west by V. 

Rivers. Connecticut and Merrimack. 

Mountains. The White Mountains. 

Productions. Same as in Maine. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. Concord, on the Merrimack, 
is the capital. It has a beautiful location. A State House, 
State Prison, and other important buildings, are here. 
Population, 4, GOO. 

Portsmouth, on the Piscataqua, has a fine harbor, a 
Navy-Yard, and a Lunatic Asylum. A splendid bridge 
connects this town with Maine. Population, 9,000. 

Dover, the oldest town in the state, is a large manufac- 
turing place. Population, 6,800. 

The other towns are Keene, Exeter, Amherst, and Han- 
over. 

Government. Same as in Maine. 

Religion. The Calvinistic and Free-will Baptists, and 
the Methodists, are not far from equal ; and each of these 
sects has about half as many societies as the Congregation- 
alists. There are other denominations in the state. 

State of Education and Morals. Same as in Maine. 
Dartmouth College, at Hanover. 

Remarks. N. Hampshire spreads out, from the ocean, like a 
fan. Upon the northern border of the state are the White Moun- 
tains. The “Notch Road,” through these mountains, is a great 
curiosity. From Mount Washington, the highest peak, and the 
highest mountain east of the Mississippi River, the ocean is dis- 
tinctly seen. The view here is grand beyond description. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Maine bounded 2. What are the riv- 
ers ? (Mention two or three of the longest ; so in each case.) 3. Moun- 
tains.^ 4. What are the productions.^ 5. The capital and chief 
towns } (Mention two chief towns in each case.) 6. What is the gov- 
ernment 7. What is said of the religious sects 1 8. Of the state of 
education and morals.^ 9. How is N. Hampshire bounded .? 10. What 
are the rivers ^ 11. Mountains ^ 12. What are the capital and chief 


NORTH AMERICA. 


31 


towns? 13. What is the government? 14. What is said of the 
religious sects? 15. Of the state of education and morals ? 

Review the first six lessons of Part I. 

Second Course. (What general remarks were made in respect to 
Me.? N. Hampshire? Where is each of the principal towns in 
Me. situated ? Where each in N. H. ? Which way is each prin- 
cipal town in Me. from Augusta? From Boston? Which way are 
the White Mountains from Portland ? What lakes inN. Hampshire? 
Which way is each principal town from Concord? What railroads 
in N. H. ? In Me. ? What lakes in Me. F) 


♦ 


L.ESSON XVI- 

MASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT. 
MASSACHUSETTS. 


Boundaries, Massachusetts is bounded north by V. and 
N. H., east by the A. Ocean, south by the A. Ocean, R. I., 
and C,, west by N. Y. 

Rivers, Connecticut and Merrimack. 

Mountains. The Green Mountains extend through this 
state, from Vermont. 

Productions. Same as in Maine, generally, excepting 
timber. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Boston, the capital, is the 
emporium of N. England. It is a rich and beautiful city. 
It has an extensive commerce. The State House, Market 
House, Exchange, and several of the churches and hotels, 
are elegant structures. The Common, covering nearly 50 
acres, forms a splendid park. Population, 100,000. 

Lowell, on the Merrimack, is a large manufacturing 
place. The capital invested here is $9,000,000. This 
city has had a very rapid growth. Population, 20,000. 

Salem is a quiet and pleasant city. It has some fine 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


S2 

buildings. The Museum of the East India Marine Society 
contains rich collections from all parts of the world. The 
Boston and Portsmouth Railroad is tunnelled under the 
centre of this city. The work is a great curiosity. Pop- 
ulation, 15,000. 

The other principal towns are Newburyport, Lynn, 
Plymouth, New Bedford, Charlestown, Worcester, and 
Andover. 

Government, (See Maine.) 



Trinity Churchy Boston. 


Religion. The Congregatioualists have about 320 socie- 
ties. The Baptists, Methodists, and Unitarians, have each 
•omewhat less than half that number. The UniversalisU 



NORTH AMERICA. 


33 


»re numerous. There are Free-will Baptists, Episcopa- 
lians, and other sects, in the state. 

State of Education and Morals, (See Maine, in 
general.) 

There are colles^es at Cambrida^e, Amherst, and Wil- 

O O' * 

liarnstown. 

Remarks. Massachusetts is the oldest, idchest, and most popu- 
lous, oi’the N. E. States. It is distinguished for its manufactures 
and commerce, and for the intelligence, enterprise, and steadfast- 
ness, of its inhabitants. The western part of the state is mountain- 
ous. The valley of the Connecticut has a fertile soil and a beau- 
tiful scenery. There are remnants of several Indian tribes 
around Buzzard’s Bay and Martha’s Vineyard. Tlie most elegant 
granite and marble are wrought in tliis state. Coal, iron, mag- 
netic ore, and copper, are also found. 


VERMONT. 

Boundaries, Vermont is bounded north by C., east by 
N. II., south by M., west by N. Y. 

R ivers. The Connecticut, Onion, and Otter Creek. 

Lake, Champlain. 

Mountains, The Green Mountains. 

Productions, (See Maine, generally.) Large quantities 
of live stock are raised in this state. 

Capital and Chief Toicns, Montpelier, on the Onion, is 
the capital. It is a romantic village. It has an elegant 
State House, a Court House, and several factories. Popu- 
lation, 2,500. 

Burlington, on Lake Champlain, has a fine location, and 
a beautiful scenery. Vermont University is located here. 
Population, 4,590. 

Middlebury has a college and several factories. Popu- 
lation, 4,000. 

Government. (See Maine.) 

Religion, The Congregationalists have 200 churches. 
The Baptists and Methodists have each about one half that 
number. There are Episcopalians and other sects in the state. 

State of Education and Morals, Same as in Maine. 
There are colleges at Burlington and Middlebury. 


34 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Remarks. Vermont is an inland state. The land is uneven, 
but generally productive. On the eastern side of the state is the 
vallej of the Connecticut ; on the western, the valley of Lake 
Champlain ; and between these are the lofty ridges of the Green 
Mountains. The scenery around these mountains is grand. Quar- 
ries of excellent marble, and also iron, lead, copper, and zinc, are 
found in the state. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Massachusetts bounded ? 2 . What are 

its rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Capital and chief 
towns? 6. W4iat is the government? 7. What is said of the reli- 
gious sects? 8. Slate of education and morals? 9. How is Ver- 
mont bounded ? 10. What rivers and lake ? 11. What mountains? 

12. What are the productions? 13. Capital and chief towns? 
14. What is the government ? 15. What of the religion? 1(). The 

state of education and morals? (When reference is made to another 
state, the same answer is to be given that was given for that state.) 

Review from the sixth lesson, in Part I., to Part 11. 

Second Course. (V/hat remarks were made respecting Massachu- 
Betts ? Vermont? What bay and capes soutli-east of Massachusetts ? 
Where is each principal town in Massachusetts situated ? Which way 
is each from Boston ? Which way is each principal town in Vermont 
from Montpelier ? What canals and railroads in Massachusetts ? 
Describe Connecticut River. — In describing a river, tell where it 
rises, which way it runs, what is its length, and where it empties.) 




LESSON XVII. 

RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

boundaries. Rhode Island is bounded north and east 
by M., south by the A. Ocean, west by C. 

JZivers. Pawtucket and Pawtuxet. These are small 
streams; the latter affords fine mill seats. Narragansett 
Bay. 

Productions. (See Massachusetts, in general.) 

Capital and Chief 7^?fms. Providence, at the liead of 
Narragansett Bay, is considered the capital, though the 
legislature often meets at other places. It is built on both 


NORTH AMERICA 


35 


sides of the Pawtucket. There are many beautiful edifices 
in the town, among which is a splendid Arcade. The 
population is 23,000. 



Arcade at Providence. 


Newport is a place of some business, but is considered 
on the decline. Population, 8,000. 

Pawtucket is a flourishing manufacturin^r villacje, built on 
Pawtucket Falls. It is partly in Massachusetts. Popula- 
tion, 8,500. Other towns are Bristol and Warwick. 

Government. (See Maine.) 

Religion. The Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, 
and Episcopalians, have not far from an equal number of 
ministers and societies. The Baptists are the most numer- 
ous. They have 13 ministers. There are Free-will Bap- 
tists and other sects in the state. 

State of Education and Morals. (See Maine.) 

Brown University is at Providence. The Friends have a 
flourishing institution here. 


Remarks. This is a small state, and the last of the ‘‘thirteen 
that adopted the Federal Constitution. The soil is good, the trade 


36 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


extensive. It has large manufacturins^ interests, and much wealth 
for its size. The Narragansett tribe of Indians still exist here 
and are in a civilized state. Coal, iron, and limestone, ar* 
found in large quantities. 


CONNECTICUT. 

J^oundaries. Connecticut is bounded north by M., east 
by R. L, south by L. I. Sound, west by N. Y. 

R ivers. The Connecticut, Thames, and Kousatonic. 

Mountains. A continuation of the Green Mountair 
ridges. They take various names in this state. 

Productions. (See Massachusetts, in general.) 



Distant View of Hartford. 


Capital and Chief Toicns. Hartford and New Haven 
are alternately the capitals. Hartford is pleasantly situ- 
ated on the Connecticut River. It has an Asylum for ths 
Deaf and Dumb, one for the Insane, and several factories. 
The trade is large. Population, 11,000. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


i 


37 

New Haven is a beautiful city. It is richly ornamented 
with trees. It has considerable trade. It is the seat of 
Yale College. Population, 13,000. 

New London is a place of increasing interest and trade. 
Population, 5,700. 

The other towns of note are Middletown, Fairfield, 
Litchfield, and Norwich. 

Government, (See Maine.) 

Religion. The Congregationalists have about 220 so- 
cieties. The Baptists and Methodists have each less than 
half that number. There are Episcopalians and other sects 
in the state. 

State of Education and Morals. (See N. E. States, in 
general.) Yale College at N. Haven, Washington College 
at Hartford, Wesleyan University at Middletown. 

Remarks. This state is distins^uished for the richness of its 
soil and the beauty of its scenery. It is noted also for its manu- 
factures and wealth, for the value of its institutions, and for the 
intelligence of the people. It has a fund of $2,000,000 for com- 
mon schools. There are remnants of the Mohegan and Pequot 
tribes of Indians in this state. Iron, copper, lead, and marble, are 
found here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Rhode Island bounded ? 2. What are 
its rivers and bay ? 3. Its productions ? 4. Capital and chief 

towns? 5. What is the government? 6. What is said of the reli- 
gious sects? 7. Of the state of education and morals ? 8. How is 

Connecticut bounded? 9. What are its rivers? 10. Mountains? 
11. Productions? 12. Capital and chief towns? 13. What is the 
government? 14. What is said of the religious sects? 15. State of 
education and morals ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (What remarks respecting Rhode Island ? 
Connecticut ? Where are the principal towns in Connecticut sit- 
uated ? Which way is each from Hartford ? Bristol ? Concord ? 
What railroads and canals in this state ? What in Rhode Island ? 
Describe all the principal rivers in New England. Describe the prin- 
cipal ranges of mountains.) 

4 


38 


PARTICULAR VIEW 





V' l' 

ill 


i;iMPi:iu,iiiiniii!iniiiiuiuir,ii|i}n)iiinii»miy.’ii!i uii»!iiini! 


|igiurp: Vj:*V 


LESSON XVIII. 

The five following states are called Middle States : New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 

NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 


NEW YORK. 


> - - City Hall at JVcw York, 

JBcundaries. New York is bounded north-west and nortn 
by Lakes E. and O., and by C., east by V., M., and C., south 
by N. J, and P. 

lUvers. The St. Lawrence, Hudson, and Mohawk 

Moimtams. The Appalachian chain. 

Productions. Wheat is the staple; fruits of variosi 
kinds. In other respects, see Massachusetts. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Albany, on the Hudson, is 
the capital. It is a place of much wealth and trade. It 
has many fine buildings, and 30,000 inhabitants. 



NORTH AMERICA. 


39 


New York is the first city iii America for size, wealth, 
and trade. The City Hall, Exchange, Custom House, and 
University, are splendid buildings. Many of the churches 
and hotels are elegant. The water-works, just completed, 
add great interest and convenience to the place. Popula- 
tion, 310,000. 

Troy has an extensive trade. Population, 20,000. 

West Point, zluburn, Hudson, Schenectady, Buffalo, and 
Rochester, are places of note. 

Government. (See the N. States.) 

Religion. The Presbyterians, of all classes, have about 
750 ministers. The Baptists and Methodists have each 
somewhat more than half that number. The Episcopalians 
are numerous. There are Catholics, Universalists, Chris- 
tians, and Friends. 

State of Education and Morals. (See N. E. States.) 
The University of N. York, and Columbia College, at New 
York city; Union College at Schenectady, Hamilton Col- 
lege at Clinton, and Geneva College. 

Remarks. New York has a fine climate and a rich soil. Its 
advantages for commerce are great. For internal improvements, 
wealth, and trade. New York stands unrivalled among the states. 
Its territory touches the waters of the Atlantic and the lakes. 
These waters are united by canals and railroads, running through 
the heart of the state. The Salt Springs here are of great value. 
The Mineral Springs at Saratoga and Ballstown are places of 
resort for invalids and the fashionable from all parts of the country. 
There are views from the Catskill Mountains of unsurpassed 
beauty. The Falls of Niagara are among the wonders of the 
world. The Avaters of nearly half the continent make a plunge of 
over 160 feet. There are the remains of several Indian nations 
in this state. Iron, lead, limestone, freestone, and marble, are 
found here in abundance. 


NEW JERSEY. 

Boundaries, New Jersey is bounded north by N. Y., 
east by the A. Ocean, south by D. Bay, west by D. and P. 

R ivers. The Delaware and Hudson. Delaware Bav. 

w 

Mountains, (See New York.) An extension of the 
Appalachian chain. 

Productions. (See New York.) 


40 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Capital and Chief Towns. Trenton, on the Delaware, is 
the capital. It has a State House and several elegant 
buildings. Population, 4,000. 

Newark is well laid out, has an elegant public square, 
and several factories. Population, 22.000. 

Paterson is a flourishing manufacturing place. Popu- 
lation, 13,000. 

Gox^a'nmcnt. (See N. E. States.) 

Religion. The Presbyterians, including the Dutch Re- 
formed church, have aoout 150 societies. The Baptists 
have about half that number. There are Episcopalians, 
Methodists, &/ Friends, in the state. 

Education and Morals. (See N. E. States, in general.) 
Colleges are Nassau Hall at Princeton, Rutgers College at 
New Brunswick. 

Remarks. Some parts of this state are hilly, others, level. 
Some parts are fertile, others, barren. It has large manufacturing 
interests. Sandstone and limestone are found here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is N. Y. bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Wliat are the capital 
and the chief towns? 6. What is the government? 7. What is 
said of the religious sects ? 8. Of tlie state of education and morals? 

9. How is New Jersey bounded? 10. What are tlie rivers of N. J.? 
11. Mountains ? 12. Productions ? 13. What are the capital and the 
chief towns ? 14. What is the government? 15. What is said of 

tlie religious sects? 16. Of the state of education and morals? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (What remarks were made in respect to N. Y. ? 
What in respect to N. J. ? What lakes touch N. Y. ? What is the 
length of the Hudson River ? What is its course ? What canals? 
Wliat railroads there ? Where are the principal towns situated ? 
Which way is each from Albany ? How is each of the principal 
towns in N. J. situated? Mention some of the smaller rivers in 
these states.) 


NORTH AMERICA. 


4i 


LESSON XIX. 


DELAWARE AND MARYLAND. 


DELAWARE. 

Boundaries. Delaware is bounded north by P., east by 
D. Bay and the A. Ocean, south and west by M. 

River. Delaware River, and Bay. 

Productions. (See New York.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Dover is the capital. It is a 
neat and flourishing town. Population, 1,800. 

Wilmington is a place of considerable trade. Its loca- 
tion is pleasant, and its plan good. Population, 12,000. 

Newcastle was once the capital. 

Government. (See New England States.) A General 
Assembly of representatives and senators, chosen by the 
people, compose the legislature. 

Religion. The Methodists have sixteen ministers. The 
Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians, have each about 
half as many. 

State of Education and Morals Middling ; or on an 
average with the wholQ country. College at Newark. 

Remarks. Delaware is a small and thinly-inhabited state. 
In the southern part, the soil is sandy and barren ; in the northern, 
it is more hilly and productive. The best flour in the country is 
manufactured here. 


MARYLAND. 

Boundaries. Maryland is bounded north by P., east by 
D. and the A. Ocean, and south-west by V. 

. Rivers. The Potomac and Susquehanna. Chesapeake 

Bay. 

Mountains, The same as in New York — the Appalachian. 

4 * 


42 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


Productions. Wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, some rice, 
and cotton. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Annapolis, on the Chesa- 
peake, is the capital. The streets diverge from a common, 
upon which stands the State House. Population, 3,500. 



ViciD of Baltimore. 


Baltimore is distinguished for its monuments, its splen- 
did cathedral, its commerce, beauty, and thrift. Popula- 
tion, 110,000. 

Frederick is very pleasantly situated, and has considerable 
trade. Population, 7,000. 

Hagerstown and Cumberland are flourishing villages. 

o o o 

Government. (See New England States, in general.) The 
Senate and House of Delegates compose the legislature. 

Religion. The Roman Catholics and Episcopalians have 
each about 60 churches. The Presbyterians and Baptists 
have each less than half as many. There are also Methodists, 
Unitarians, and other sects. 

State of Education and Morals. Poor, if the colored 
population are taken into the account. They have no com- 
mon school system ; and slavery exists here. There is a 
university and a Catholic college at Baltimore. St. John's 
College is at Annapolis. 



i 


NORTH AMERICA. 


43 


Remarks. The soil in this state is generally good. The 
part east of the bay is level ; the part west of the bay is moun- 
tainous. The commerce and manufactures of this state are ex- 
tensive. Iron, coal, copper, and limestone, are found here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Delaware bounded.? 2. What river 
and bay.? 3. What are the productions.? 4. What are the capital 
and the chief towns.? 5. What is the government.? 6. What is 
said of the relicrious sects.? 7. What is the state of education and 

o ^ • 

morals .? 8. How is Maryland bounded .? 9. What rivers and bay .? 

10. What mountains .? 11. Productions.? 12. What are the capital 

and the chief towns.? 13. What is the government.? 14. What is 
said of the religious sects .? 15. Of the state of education and 

morals .? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (1. What is said of Delaware .? 2. Of Mary- 
land.? 3. What states touch Delaware Bay .? 4. What Chesapeake 

Bay .? 5. What is the length of each river north of the Delaware.? 
6. Which way is Annapolis from Boston .?) 




LESSON XX. 

PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Boundaries. Pennsylvania is bounded north by Lake E. 
and N. Y., east by N. Y. and N. J., south by D., M., and 
V., west by V. and O. 

R ivers. The Delaware, Susquehanna, and Ohio, formed 
by a union of the Alleghany and Monongahela. 

Mountains. The Appalachian, here called the All^ 
ghany, Mountains. (See New York.) 

Productions. (See New York, in general.) Some hemp 
and flax are raised. 

Capital and Chief Toivns, Harrisburg is the capital. 
Its plan is regular; the scenery around, romantic. Pop- 
ulation, 5,200. 


44 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Philadelphia is a large and elegant city. The streets, 
crossing each other at right angles, are beautiful. It has 
an extensive commerce. The public buildings are Girard 
College, the Exchange, and Asylum. The water-works are 
a great curiosity. They cost $500,000. Population, 
210 , 000 . 



Arcade at Philadelphia. 


Pittsburg is an extensive manufacturing place. Popu- 
lation, 45,000. The other principal towms are Lancaster, 
Reading, and York. 

Government. (See New England States.) The Senate 
and House of Representatives, elected by the people, com- 
pose the legislature, called the General Assembly. 

Religion, The Presbyterians, of various classes, have 
about 400 societies. The Methodists and Baptists have 
each not far from half as many. There are also Episco- 
palians, Universalists, Friends, and Catholics. 

Education and Morals. (See Delaware.) The colleges 
are Girard College and the university at Philadelphia. 
Dickinson College at Carlisle, also Jefferson, Washington, 
Lafayette, Marshall, Pennsylvania, Alleghany, and Pittsburg 
Colleges. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


45 


Remarks. Pennsylvania vies with New York in agriculture, 
manufactures, and internal improvements. The climate is agree- 
able, and the soil good. This state is divided by ridges of the 
Alleghany Mountains. The part east of the mountains is smooth 
and fertile. The part west is rough and hilly. Great quantities 
of pit coal are found in this state ; also iron ore, and marble of 
a fine quality. 

The following states are called Western States : Ohio, 

Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, 
and Tennessee. 


OHIO. 

Boundaries. Ohio is bounded north by M. and Lake E., 
east by P. and V., south by V. and K., west by I. 

R ivers. The Ohio, Scioto, and Muskingum. 

Produetions. Indian corn, grains, tobacco, hemp, pork, 
and wool. 

Capital and Chief T'oums. Columbus is the capital. It 
is pleasantly situated. It has a Penitentiary, an Asylum 
for the Deaf and Dumb, and a Lunatic Hospital. Popula- 
tion, 6,000. 

Cincinnati, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing city 
Its plan is regular, its growth rapid, and its trade extensive. 
Population, 50,000. 

Cleveland is a pleasant and flourishing place. Popula- 
tion, 8,000. Chillicothe, Marietta, Zanesville, are growing 
places. 

Government. (See N. E. States.) The General Assem- 
bly is chosen by the people. . 

Religion. The Presbyterians, of all classes, have about 
300 societies. The Methodists and Baptists have each 
about half that number. There are also Episcopalians, 
Catholics, Universalists, and Friends. 

Education and 3Iorals. (See Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
in general.) Their system of common school education 
has not gone generally into practice. There are colleges at 
Athens and Oxford, the Western Reserve at Hudson, 
also Kenyon, Franklin, Granville, Marietta, and Cincinnati 
Colleges. 


46 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Remarks. This state is comparatively new. Its growth has 
been rapid. It is intersected by canals and railroads, commu- 
' nicating between the waters of the lakes and the Ohio River. 
The soil is excellent, the climate healthy. There are extensive 
coal mines and salt springs in this state. Its commerce and 
manufactures are rapidly increasing. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Pennsylvania bounded 2. What are 
the rivers,^ 3. Mountains.^ 4. Productions.^ 5. Capital, and tlie 
chief tov/ns 6. What is the government ? 7. What is said of tho 

relio-ious sects 8. Of the state of education and morals 9. How 
is Ohio bounded? 10. What are the rivers? 11. Productions? ' 
12. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 13. What is the gov- 
ernment? 14. Wliat is said of the religious denominations ? 15. Of 

the state of education and moials ? 

Review the first four lessons of Part II. 

Second Course. (What remarks were made respecting Pennsyl- 
vania? How are the principal towns in Pennsylvania situated? How 
those in Ohio? What lake touches Ohio? What Pennsylvania? 
Where does ‘die Ohio River rise, and which way does it run ? Which 
way is Columbus from Boston ? From Dover ? What canals and rail- 
roads in these states ? Mention the smaller rivers in these states. 


I.ESSON XXI. 


MICHIGAN AND INDIANA. 

MICHIGAN. 

Boundaries. Michigan is bounded north by Lake S., 
east by Lake H. and C., south by O., L, and W., west by 
Lakes M. and S. 

Rivers. The St. Clair, Detroit, and Grand Rivers. 

Productions. (See Ohio.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Detroit is the capital. The 
streets are regular ; some of its edifices beautiful. Popu- 
lation, 1*2,000. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


47 


Munroe City is a flourishing manufacturing place. Pop- 
ulation, 4,000. 

Government, (See the other states.) Suffrage is un- 
limited. 

Religion. Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, and other 
sects. 

Education and 3Iorals. (See Ohio.) Colleges at Ann" 
Arbor, Spring Arbor, and Marchal. 

Remarks. This state is remarkable for the purity of its cli- 
mate and the richness of its soil. Its surface is generally level ; 
on the margin of the lakes, flat Some parts are heavily timbered. 
Great interest is taken in internal improvements. Iron, lead, and 
coal, are abundant. 

i 

INDIANA. 

Eoundaries. Indiana is bounded north by Lake M. and 
M., east by O., south by K., west by I. 

Rivers. The Ohio, Wabash, and White Rivers. 

Productions. (See Ohio, generally.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Indianapolis, the capital, is a 
flourishing town. Population, 3,000. 

Vincennes, once the capital, is beautifully situated upon 
the margin of a prairie. Population, 3,000. 

New Albany is a place wdiere steamboat building ia 
largely carried on. Population, 4,000. 

Jeffersonville, Madison, and Harmony, are growing places. 

Government. (See N. E. States.) The legislature, 
called the General Assembly, is composed of representa- 
tives and senators, chosen by the people. 

Religion. The Methodists and Baptists have each 
about 200 ministers, and the Presbyterians, of all classes, 
have less than half as many. There are also Catholics, 
Episcopalians, and Friends. 

Education and Morals. (See Ohio.) There are col- 
leges at Bloomington, South Hanover, and Crawfordsville. 

Remarks. This state abounds in extensive prairies. (Prairies 
are tracts of level land, destitute of trees, and covered with rank 


48 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


grass.) More than ten millions of dollars have recently been 
appropriated by the state for the construction of railroads and 
canals. The climate and soil in this state are good. Iron, cop- 
per, and coal, are found here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Michigan hounded ? 2. What waters 
nearly surround it ? 3. What are the productions ? 4. The capital 

and chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. What is said of 

the religious sects ? 7 . Of the state of education and morals ? 

8. How is Indiana bounded ? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. Produc- 
tions.? 11. Capital and chief towns .? 12. What is the government.? 

13. Describe the religious sects. 14. The state of education and 
morals. 

Review the four preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (Mention some of the characteristics of Mich- 
igan. Of Indiana. What lakes touch Michigan .? What other states 
have the same latitude .? How are the principal towns in Indiana 
situated.? Whic'i ^ ay is each from the capital.? From Boston.? 
Mention the great iak^ in order, beginning on the west. Beginning 
with the larijest. What is the leno-th of the Ohio River .? W’^hat 
is the length of each of the great lakes .? Mention some of the 
smaller rivers in uc states.) 

•X 


^ 

LESSONXXII. 
x^LlNOIS AND MISSOURI. 

ILLINOIS. 

Boundaries. Illinois ,is bounded north by W., east by 
1., south by K. and M., west by M. and L, separated by 
the M. River. 

Rivers. The Mississij- Wabash, and Illinois. 

Productions. (See Oluc '• 

Capital and Chief To 2 cns, Springfield is the capital. It 
is a busy and beautiful town, upon the margin of an ex- 
tensive prairie. Population, 4,000. 

Alton has an extensive trade, and is a growing place 
Population, 5,000. 


NORTH AMERICA 


49 


Chicago has grown up within a few years. It is now 
the principal depot for imported merchandise. Population, 
5,000. 

Government. (See the preceding states.) The General 
Assembly is composed of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, chosen by the people. 

Religion. The Methodists have nearly 800 ministers. 
The Baptists have about half that number. The Presbyte- 
rians, of all classes, have about half as many as the Baptists. 
There are also Episcopalians, Catholics, Friends, and 
Mormons. 

State of Education and Morals. (See Del.) No school sys- 
tem exists here. There are colleges at Jacksonville, Alton, 
and Lebanon. 

Remarks. The surfice of this state is flat ; and it contains 
immense prairies, fed by numerous wild cattle and horses. Illi- 
nois is nearly surrounded by navigable rivers and waters, which 
afford abundant facilities for internal navigation and improvements. 
Coal, lead, copper, and iron, are found in various places. There 
are also valuable salt springs in the state. 


MISSOURI. 



Scene on the Missouri. 


Boundaries. Missouri is bounded north by I., east by 
I. and K., south by A., west by the I. Territory. 


60 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Rivers, The Mississippi, Missouri, and Osage. 

Mountains, The Ozark. 

Productions, (See Ohio, in general.) Some cotton is 
raised. 

Capital, and Chief Towns, Jefferson City is the capital. 
It is a pleasant and growing place. 

St. Louis is the emporium of trade for all the Upper 
Mississippi. It has large manufacturing interests. Popu- 
lation, 20,000. 

St. Charles is a busy place, with 3,000 inhabitants. 

Government, (See N. E. States.) The right of suf- 
frage is general, among the whites. 

Religion, Baptists and Methodists are nearly equal. 
There are Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Catholics. 

State of Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There 
are colleges at St. Louis, Perry, Palmyra, and Columbia. 

Remarks. In the back parts of the state, the land is hilly. On 
the rivers, it is rich, and often inundated. This state abounds in 
prairies. It is rapidly settling. It is , subject to earthquakes. 
There are rich lead mines here, yielding more than 20,000,000 
pounds of lead annually, and employing 1,000 persons. Slavery 
exists here, and in all the states now to be described. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Illinois bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers ? 3. Productions ? 4. What are the capital and chief towns ? 

5. What is the government ? 6. What is said of the religious 
sects ? 7. Of th^e state of education and morals ? 8. How is 
Missouri bounded? 9. What rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. Pro- 
ductions? 12. What are the capital and chief towns? -13. What 
is the government ? 14. Mention the religious sects. 15. What is 

the state of education and morals ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (Mention some of the peculiarities of Illinois. 
Of Missouri. What states have nearly the same latitude with 
Illinois ? How are the principal towns in Illinois situated ? How 
those in Missouri ? What is the length and course of the Missouri ? 
Mention its branches. Describe all the principal rivers in the West 
ern States.) 


NORTH AMERICA. 


51 


LESSON XXIII. 

ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY. 

ARKANSAS. 

Boundaries, Arkansas is bounded north by M., east by 
T. and M., south by L. and T., west by the I. Territory. 

Rivers. The Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red Rivers. 

Mountains. (See Missouri.) 

Productions. Cotton is the staple. In other respects, 
see Ohio. 

Capital and Chief Toions. Little Rock is the capital. 
It is situated on the Arkansas. Its location is healthy and 
pleasant. Population, 2,000. 

Arkansas and Batesville are the principal towns. 

Government. (See N. E. States.) Suffrage, however, is 
limited to the whites. 

Religion. Baptists, Methodists, and other sects. 

State of Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) 

Remarks. The parts of this state bordering on the rivers are 
flat, and abound in prairies. The other parts are hilly and barren. 
The Hot Springs here are a great curiosity. Limestone, coal, 
and iron ore, are abundant. 


TENNESSEE. 

- Boundaries. Tennessee is bounded north by K. and V., 
east by N. C., south by G., A., and M., west by A. 

R ivers. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland. 
Mountains. The Cumberland Mountains. 

Productions. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and 
tobacco. (See Arkansas.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Nashville is the seat of gov- 
ernment. It is handsomely located on the Cumberland 


52 


PARTICULxVR VIEW. 


Ri ver. The houses are neat, and the public buildings 
splendid. It has a large trade, and 6,500 inhabitants. 

Knoxville and Memphis have each considerable trade, 
and about 3,000 inhabitants. 

Government. (See N. E. States.) Slavery is established 
here by law. Suffrage is equal among the whites. 

Keligion. The Methodists have about 30,000 commu- 
nicants ; the Baptists, nearly as many ; the Presbyterians, of 
all kinds, nearly half that number. There are also Episco- 
palians, Catholics, and Friends. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are 
colleges at Nashville, Greenville, Knoxville, and Columbia. 

Re3iarks. The part of the state east of the Cumberland 
Mountains is hilly; the part west is even. There are several 
remarkable caverns in the state. Some are 8 or 10 miles in ex- 
tent, and are traversed by streams of water. Gold, iron, salt, and 
coal, are found in considerable quantities here. 


KENTUCKY. 


Boundaries. Kentucky is bounded north by I., I., and O., 
east by V., south by T., west by M. 

Rivers. The Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cum- 
berland. 

Mountains. (See Tennessee.) 

Productions. Wheat, hemp, tobacco, maize, grapes, 
and other fruit. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Frankfort is the capital. It 
is located in a deep valley. Its public buildings are a 
marble State House and a State Penitentiary. Popula- 
tion, 3,000. 

Louisville, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing and com- 
mercial city. Business transactions amount to $30,000,000 
annually. Population, 20,000. 

Lexington is the oldest town in the state. Its location 
is beautiful ; the streets are regular and spacious, and the 
public buildings elegant. Population, 7,000. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 


NORTH AMERICA. 


63 


Religion, The Baptists and Methodists have each about 
300 societies. The Presbyterians, of all classes, have 
about half that number. There are also Catholics, Epis- 
copalians, and Unitarians. 

Education and Morals, (See Maryland.) There are 
colleges at Lexington, Danville, Augusta, Princetown, and 
Bardstovvn. 

Remarks. This state compares, in most respects, with Ten- 
nessee. Some parts of it are mountainous, others level or undu- 
lating. There are several salt springs in the state. Mammoth 
Cave is a great curiosity. One of its apartments covers a surface 
of several acres, without a pillar to support the stupendous arch. 
Iron, coal, salt, and lime, are found here. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Arkansas bounded.? 2. What are 
the I'ivers .? 3. Mountains .? 4. Productions .? 5. What are the 

capital and chief towns .? 6. What is said of the government .? 

7. Religious sects .? 8. State of education and morals .? 9. How is 
Tennessee bounded.? 10. What are the rivers.? 11. Mountains.? 
12. Productions .? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns .? 

14. What is said of the government.? 15. Religious sects ? 16. State 
of education and morals .? 17. How is Kentucky bounded .? 18. What 
are the rivers.? 19. Mountains.? 20. Productions.? 21. What are 
the capital and the chief towns .? 22. What is said of the govern- 
ment .? 23. Religious sects .? 24. State of education and morals .? 

Review the four preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (What was stated in respect to Arkansas .? 
Tennessee .? Kentucky .? Describe the principal rivers in these 
states. Describe the mountains. What states have the same lat- 
itude with Tennessee .? What have about the same longitude .? 
Which way is each principal town in Tennessee from the capital .? 
Which way is each in Kentucky from the capital .?) 


LESSON XXIV. 

The following states are called Southern States : Vir- 
ginia, North and South Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mis- 
sissippi, and Louisiana. 

5 * 


54 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 

VIRGINIA. 



JBoun claries, Virginia is bounded north by P. and M., 
east by M. and the A. Ocean, south by N. C. and T., 
west by K. and O. 

Rivers, The Potomac, James, and Roanoke. Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Mountains. The Alleghany. 

Productions, Wheat, Indian corn, cotton, and tobacco. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Richmond, on the James, 
is the capital. It has a very picturesque appearance. 
Most of the houses are of brick, and are elegant. The 
public buildings are the Capitol, City Hall, State Prison, 
and State Armory. The trade is extensive. Population, 
23 , 000 . 

Norfolk is a place of some note, but is now rather on the 
decline. Many of the streets are thoroughly paved and 


NORTH AMERICA. 


55 


neat. A Theatre, Athengeum, and Marine Hospital, are 
here. Population, 10,000. 

Petersburg is a handsome and thriving place, with con- 
siderable trade. Population, 11,000. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. The Baptists have about 450 churches. The 
Presbyterians, of all kinds, and Methodists, have each less 
than one third of that number. There are Episcopalians, 
Catholics, Unitarians, and Friends. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) The col- 
leges are, William and Mary, Hampden Sidney, and the 
University of Virginia. 

Remarks. The land in Virginia is mountainous. East of the 
Blue Ridge it is owned by planters, and cultivated by slaves. 
There is a natural bridge over Cedar Creek, in this state, 70 
feet long and 250 feet high. Blowing Cave is a great curi- 
osity. The air issues from it with such force, as to prostrate the 
grass at a distance of 50 feet. — Gold, iron, lead, and chalk, are 
found in this state. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries. North Carolina is bounded north by V., 
east by A. and P. Sounds, and the A. Ocean, south by 
S. C., west by T. 

R ivers. The Roanoke, Neuse, and Cape Fear Rivers. 

Mountains. The Alleghany. 

Productions. (See Virginia.) 

Capital and Chief Totvns. Raleigh, on the Neuse, is 
the capital. The State House is a beautiful granite struc- 
ture. The town is regular and handsome, but not flourish- 
ing. Population, 2,500. 

Newbern, on the Neuse, is the largest town in the state. 
It is a place of considerable trade. Population, 4,200. 

Wilmington is the first town in the state in point of trade. 
Population, 4,000. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. The Methodists and Baptists have each 
about 20,000 church members. The Presbyterians have 


66 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


about half that number. There are Episcopalians, Mora- 
vians, and Catholics, in the state. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) Davidson - 
College and the University of North Carolina. 

Remarks. The sea-coast is level and sandy. Back from the 
sea, the land is hilly. In the western part, it is mountainous. The 
coast is lined with sand-banks and sounds, which makes it very 
difficult to approach frem the sea. There are valuable gold 
mines in the state, yielding annually several millions of dollars. 
Tar and turpentine constitute a large part of the exports of the 
state. 

QUESTIONS. 1. Bound Virginia. 2. What are its rivers.^ 
3. Mountains ^ 4. Productions 6. What are the capital and the 
chief towns 6. What is its government.? 7. W'hat is said of the 
religious sects .? 8. Of the state of education and morals .? 9. How 

is N. Carolina bounded .? 10. What are its rivers .? 11. Mountains.? 

12. Productions .? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns .? 

14. What is its government.? 15. What was said of the religious 
sects.? 16. Of the state of education and morals .? 

Review. 1. Tell what you know of Maine. (First bound it, and 
then mention each particular.) 2. Of New Hampshire. 3. Massa- 
chusetts. 4. Vermont. 5. Rhode Island. 6. Connecticut. 7. New 
York. 8. New Jersey. 9. Delaware. 

Second Course. (What facts are stated in respect to Virginia .? 
North Carolina.? What sounds and capes east of North Carolina ? 
What bays, capes, and sounds, on the Atlantic coast .? Which way 
do all the rivers south of the Delaware flow .? Describe them. In 
what direction do the Alleghany Mountains run.? How are the 
chief towns in Virginia situated .? How those in North Carolina .? 
Mention the smaller rivers in these states.) 




L.ESSON XXV. 

SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries. South Carolina is bounded north by N. C., 
south-east by the A. Ocean, south-west by G. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


57 


R ivcrs. The Santee, Great Pedee, and Savannah. 

Productions, Cotton, rice, tobacco, indigo, and differ- 
ent kinds of grain. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Columbia is the capital. It 
occupies an elevated plain. It has a college and 5,000 
inhabitants. 

Charleston, once the seat of government, is a large, 
commercial cit3^ It is regularly built. The view of it 
from the water is fine. The principal edifices are the 
Orphan Asylum, Circular Church, City Hall, and the Ex- 
change. Population, 30,000. 

Georgetown has considerable commerce, and a popula- 
tion of 3,000. 

Government, (See Tennessee.) 

Religion, The Baptists have about 35,000 church 
members ; the Methodists about as many. The Presby- 
terians have about half that number. There are also Epis- 
copalians, Lutherans, Catholics, Friends, and other sects, in 
the state. 

Education and Morcds, (See Maryland.) There are 
colleges at Columbia and Charleston. 

Remarks. The land gTacliially rises from a sandy coast to 
hilly, and thence to mountainous, regions. In the low countries, 
fevers prevail. In the mountainous parts, it is healthy. The lower 
sections of the state are inhabited by planters, who hold large 
possessions of slaves ; the western and mountainous portions, by a 
population who till their own land. 


GEORGIA. 

Boundaries, Georgia is bounded north by T. and N. 
C., east by S. C. and the A. Ocean, south by F., and west 
by A. 

Rivers, The Altamaha, Chatahoochee, and Flint. 

Productions, (See South Carolina.) 

Capital and Chief Towns, Milledgeville is the seat of 
government. It has some trade, a Capitol, State Prison, 
and Arsenal. Population, 2,700. 


58 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Savannah, the largest town in the state, is situated on the 
Savannah River. It has an elevated and beautiful location. 
The streets and squares are spacious, the buildings splendid. 
It has a Theatre, Exchange, City Hall, and Hospital. Pop- 
ulation, 12,000. 

Augusta, above Savannah, corresponds with it in most 
respects. Population, 8,000. 

Government, (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. The Baptists and Methodists are nearly equal. 
Each has about 40,000 communicants. There are also 
Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics, and Friends. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) 
There is a university at Athens. 

Remarks. The face of the country resembles, in most respects, 
that of N. and S. Carolina. There are numerous islands on the 
coast, producing excellent cotton. In the southern parts of the 
state, there are extensive swamps, infested with a great variety 
of w^ater animals. — Georgia has many valuable mines, and 
numerous mineral springs. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is South Carolina bounded ^ 2 . What 
are the rivers.? 3. Productions.? 4. What are the capital and the 
chief towns.? 5. What is the o-overnment.? 6. What is said of the 

o 

religious sects .? 7. Of the state of education and morals .? 8. How 

is Georgia bounded.? 9. Wliat are the rivers.? 10. Productions? 
11. What are the capital and the chief towns .? 12. What is the gov- 

ernment? 13. What is said of the religious sects? 14. State of 
education and morals? 

Review. Answer the questions in reference to, 1. Ohio. 2. Mich- 
igan. 3. Illinois. 4. Indiana. 5. Missouri. 6. Arkansas. 7. Ten- 
nessee. 8. Kentucky. 

Second Course. (What remarks were made in respect to South 
Carolina? Georgia? Which way do the rivers in these states run? 
Describe the rivers that run into the Atlantic Ocean from these 
states. What states have the same latitude with Georgia .? What 
have the same longitude ? How are the principal towns in South 
Carolina situated .? Which way from the capital is each ? — Tell the 
same in respect to Georgia. — Which way is Columbia from Boston .? 
From Cincinnati .? From Little Rock .? Mention some of the smaller 
rivers in these states.) 


NORTH AMERICA. 


59 


LESSON XXVI. 

/ 

ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA 

ALABAMA. 

Boundaries, Alabama is bounded north by T., east by 
G., south by F. and the Gulf of M., west by M. 

Rivers. The Mobile, Alabama, Tombigbee, and the 
Tennessee Rivers. 

Productions. (See Georgia.) Some sugar is manufac- 
tured here. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. Tuscaloosa is the capital. 
Its advantages and prospects for trade are good. Popula- 
tion, 2,500. 

Mobile is the principal town in the state. Although its 
location is unhealthy, still its growth has been rapid. It is 
the chief cotton mart of the south. Population, 13,000. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. The Baptists and Methodists are nearly equal. 
There are also Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Catholics. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) 
There is a university at Tuscaloosa, and other colleges in 
the state. 

Remarks. A large portion of Alabama was once inliabited 
by Indian tribes. Some of them yet remain in the state. The 
soil is generally good, though much of it is flat and unhealthy. 
The lowlands produce rice. — Gold is found in some parts of 
the state. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Boundaries. Mississippi is bounded north by T., east by 
A., south by the Gulf of M. and L., west by L. and A. 

Rivers. The Mississippi and the Pearl. 

Productions. (See Georgia.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Jackson is the capital. Its 


60 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


situation is central, healthy, and pleasant. The public build- 
ings are the Capitol and Penitentiary. . Population, 2,000. 

Natchez, on the Mississippi, is the largest town in the 
state. The streets are spacious, and the public buildings 
beautiful. It was recently destroyed by a tornado. It has 
since been rebuilt. Population, 10,000. 

Vicksburg has had a rapid growth, and has a very pic- 
turesque scenery. The trade here is increasing. Popula- 
tion, 5,000. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopa- 
lians, and some Catholics. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland, in general.) 

Remarks. This state is level, healthy, and fertile. It is still 
inhabited, in part, by native tribes of Indians. It is rapidly 
settling. 


LOUISIANA. 

Boundaries. Louisiana is bounded north by A. and M., 
east by M. and the Gulf of M., south by the Gulf, west by T. 

Rivers. The Mississippi, Red, and Sabine. 

Productions. Cotton, rice, sugar, and grains. 

Capital and Chief Towns. New^ Orleans is the capital, and 
the commercial emporium of all the western country. The 
streets cross each other at right angles. Various nations 
and languages are found here. The Grand Cathedral, City 
Hall, Custom House, and Exchange, are splendid edifices. 
The location and climate are unhealthy. Population, 
100 , 000 . 

Natchitoches is made up of a mixture of several nations. 
It is a place of fashion, and has some trade. Population, 
14,000. 

Alexandria and Munroe are places of note. 

Government. (See Tennessee.) 

Religion. The Roman Catholics are the prevailing sect. 
Other sects are numerous. 

Education and Morals. (See Maryland.) There are col- 
leges at Jackson, St. James, and Opelousas. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


61 


Remarks. This state has almost every variety of soil. It 
abounds in swamps, marshes, prairies, plains, and forests. — The 
land is often lower than the Great River. It is protected from 
inundations by artificial banks. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Alabama bounded.? 2 , What are its 
rivers ? 3. Productions ? 4. What are the capital and the chief 
towns .? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religious sects ? 7. State 
of education and morals ? 8. How is Mississippi bounded ? 9. What 

are the rivers.? 10. Productions.? 11. What are the capital and the 
chief towns.? 12. Government.? 13. Religion.? 14. State of edu- 
cation and morals .? 15. How is Louisiana bounded .? 16. What are 

its rivers .? 17. Productions .? 18. What are the capital and the chief 

towns.? 19. What is the government.? 20. Religion .? 21. State 
of education and morals .? 

Review. 1. Tell what you know of Virginia. 2. Maryland. 
3. North Carolina. 4. South Carolina. 5. Georgia. 6. Delaware. 
7 . Vermont. 8. Maine. 

Second Course. (Mention some facts in respect to Alabama. 
Mississippi. Louisiana. Which way do the rivers of these states 
flow .? What is their length .? What states have the same longitude 
as Alabama .? Mississippi .? Louisiana .? What is the climate of 
these states .? Mention some of the smaller rivers.) 


♦ 


L.ESSON XXVII. 
THE TERRITORIES. 


The territories are districts of country under the protec- 
tion of the United States. 


FLORIDA. 

Florida, mostly a peninsula, lies between the Gulf of M., 
the A. Ocean, and the U. S. 

The capital is Tallahassee. It has a healthy and com- 
manding location. Population, 2,000. St. Augustine, on 

6 


62 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


the Atlantic Ocean, is well built, and abounds in gardens. 
It has a navy-yard and a fine harbor. Population, 3,000. 

Government, Dependent on the United States. 

Productions^ Religion y Education, &c. (See Alabama.) 

Florida has been the scene of protracted wars with the 
Indians. 


INDIAN TERRITORY. 

This region of country is assigned by government to 
Indian tribes, that have been removed from the Southern 
States. It lies west of Arkansas and Missouri, and between 
the Red and Platte Rivers. The Indians inhabiting this 
territory are the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, 
Senecas, Shawnees, Quapaws, and Osages. Some of them 
are native tribes. Considerable progress has been made 
towards their civilization. There are several missionary 
stations, and some trading post^, in this territory. 


MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

This territory is mostly included between the Indian 
. Territory and British America. It abounds in rivers and 
mountains. Many native tribes of Indians are found here. 
They subsist mostly by fishing and hunting. They ex- 
ist in an uncivilized state, and shun all intercourse with 
the whites. 


QUESTIONS. 1. What are territories 2. Where does Florida 
lie ? 3. What is the capital ? 4. Government } 5. State of educa- 
tion and morals ? 6. Where is the Indian Territory? 7. To whom 

is it assigned ? 8. Mention some of the tribes that inhabit it. 

9. What can you say of them ? 10. Where is Missouri Territory ? 
II. By whom is it inhabited ? 12. By what do they subsist ? 

13. What else is said of them ? 


Review the first seven lessons of Part I. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


63 


LESSON XXVIII, 


OREGON TERRITORY. 

Oregon Territory lies between the Rocky Mountains 
and the Pacific Ocean. It is inhabited by various tribes of 
Indians, for the most part in an uncivilized state. Here 
are several important trading posts. The traffic is princi- 
pally in fur. Astoria is the chief town. The principal 
river is the Columbia River. 


IOWA TERRITORY. 

This territory lies between the Mississippi and Missouri 
Rivers. Like all the territories, it belongs to the United 
States. The principal towns are Burlington, Dubuque, and 
Davenporte. It is inhabited mostly by Indians. 


WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 

Wisconsin Territory lies between Lakes Michigan and 
Superior, and the Mississippi River. The capital is Madi- 
son ; the chief town, Milwaukee. These latter territories are 
very rapidly settling, by immigrants from the United States 
and foreiorn countries. 

o 

QUESTIONS. 1. Where is Oregon Territory .? 2. By whom is 
it inhabited ? 3. What is their condition ? 4. What article of 

traffic ? 5. What is the chief town ? 6. River ? 7. Where is 

Iowa? 8. What are the chief towns? 9. By whom is it inhab- 
ited? 10. Where is Wisconsin ? 11. What are the capital and the 

chief town ? 12. What is said of these territories? 

Review. 1. How are the United States bounded ? 2. What lakes, 
gulfs, and sounds, do you think of? 3. Mention all the rivers you 
think of. 4. Mention the productions of the N. E. States. 5. Of 
the Middle and Western States. 6. Of the Southern States. 
7. Mention the capital of each state. 8. The government of each 
state. 9. Mention the general state of education and morals in New 
England. 10. In the Middle States. 11. In the Southern States. 


64 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


L.ESSON XXIX. 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

This region of country lies between the U. S. and the A. 
and* A. Oceans. It is a region of bays, lakes, rivers, and 
forests. It is subject to the crown of England. 


CANADA. 

Canada is the portion of this vast territory that lies next 
to the United States. 

The St. Lawrence is the principal river. 

Productions. Substantially the same as in New Eng- 
land, except that Indian corn is not generally cultivated 
here. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. Kingston is now the capital. 
It is well built, on the margin of Lake Ontario. It has 
5,000 inhabitants. 

Montreal, on the St. Lawrence, is a place of great trade. 
The Grand Cathedral here is a splendid temple. It covers 
nearly an acre of ground. This city occupies an island in 
the river. The population is 40,000. 

Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, is built on a promontory 
at the confluence of St. Charles with the St. Lawrence 
R ivers. It is divided into Upper and Lower towns. Popu- 
lation, 30,000. 

Government. Canada is dependent on England. 

Religion. The Catholics are about four times as numer- 
ous as the Protestants. 

Education and Morals, Both are very much neglected 
here. All their common schools are supported by the 
English government. The Catholics have several colleges 
and seminaries. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


65 


NEW BRUNSWICK. 

New Brunswick lies between the River and Gulf of St. 
Lawrence and Maine. 

Rivers, St. John and St. Francis. 

Productions. (See Maine, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Fredericton is the capital. 
Population, 3,000. New Castle, St. John, and St. An- 
drew’s, are the principal towns. 

Government. (See Canada.) 

Religion. Protestant and Catholic. 

State of Education and Morals. Poor ; better, however, 
than in Canada. 


NOVA SCOTIA. 

Nova Scotia lies between the Bay of F. and the A. 
Ocean. 

Productions. (See Maine, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Halifax is the capital. 
Population, 10,000. 

Liverpool and Lunenburg are important places. 

Government. (See Canada.) 

Religion. About one third of the population are Cath- 
olics. The Protestants are Baptists, Presbyterians, Epis- 
copalians, and Methodists. 

Education and Morals. (See New Brunswick.) 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Newfoundland lies between the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
and the A. Ocean. 

The inhabitants are mostly employed in fishing, for 
which the Grand Banks, near the coast, afford a fine op- 
portunity. The land is much neglected. 

Capital. St. John’s. It has a good harbor and some 
trade. The houses are mostly low and mean. 

6 * 


66 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Government^ Religion^ Rducation^ and Morals, (See 
Nova Scotia.) 

QUESTIONS. 1. Where does British America lie? 2. With 
what does it abound ? 3. Mention some of them. 4. To what is it 

subject ? 5. Where is Canada ? 6. What is the principal river ? 

7. What are the productions ? 8. What are the capital and the chief 

towns? 9. What is said of the government? 10. Religion? 11. Of 
the state of education and morals? 12. Where is New Brunswick? 
13. What river? 14. What are the productions ? 15. What are the 
capital and the chief towns? 16. What is the government? 
17. What is the religion? 18. The state of education and morals? 
19. Where does Nova Scotia lie ? 20. What are the productions ? 
21 . The capital and the chief towns ? 22. What is the government ? 
23. Religion? 24. State of education and morals? 25. Where 
does Newfoundland lie ? 26. How are the inhabitants generally 
employed ? 27. What is the capital ? 28. What is the govern- 
ment ? 29. Religion ? 30. State of education and morals ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

»-■■■ 


LESSON XXX. 

NEW BRITAIN. 

This is a large tract of territory, lying between Canada 
and the A. and A. Ocean. It is nominally owned by Eng- 
land. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of Indians. They 
subsist chiefly by fishing and hunting. There are, at sev- 
eral points, important trading posts. Fur is the principal 
article of traffic. This is a cold and broken region. The 
Esquimaux Indians inhabit the northern parts. 


RUSSIAN AMERICA. 

Russian America lies between the P. and A. Oceans, 
west of N. Britain. It is a broken and barren region. It 
belongs to the Russian empire. It is inhabited mostly by 
tribes of Indians. There are a few Russians in the country 
engaged in the fur trade. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


67 


GREENLAND. 

Greenland lies between Baffin’s Bay and the A. and A. 
Oceans. It is a cold and barren region. It belongs to the 
crown of Denmark. The inhabitants are dwarfish and stu- 
pid. They live mostly in subterranean huts, built by the 
women, without chimneys or furniture. They subsist on 
fish and oil, and live most of the time in idleness. They 
have, in general, no laws ; in fact, no government, except 
custom. 

The Moravians have important missionary establishments 
here. 


ICELAND. 

This is an island in the A. Ocean, near G. It is inhab- 
ited by an enlightened and a religious people. The 
religion is Lutheran, or the sentiments inculcated by the 
great reformer. The celebrated volcano, Mount Hecla, 
is in this island. The hot springs here are very remarkable. 


(QUESTIONS. 1. Where does New Britain lie? 2. By whom 
is it owned? 3. By whom inhabited? 4. By what do they sub- 
sist? 5. What article of traffic? 6. What is said of this region? 
7. What are the rivers? 8. Gulfs, bays, and lakes? 9. Where is 
Russian America? 10. To what empire does it belong? 11. By 
whom inhabited ? 12. What is the trade ? 13. Where is Green- 
land ? 14. To what crown does it belong? 15. What is said of the 

inhabitants? 16. Of their government? 17. Of the missionary 
stations? 18. Where is Iceland? 19. What is said of the inhab- 
itants? 20. What is their religion? 21. What volcano there? 
^2. What other matters of interest ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


68 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


JLESSON XXXI. 

TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATIMALA. 

TEXAS. 

Boundaries, Texas is bounded north by the I. Territory, 
east by the U. S., south by the Gulf of M., west by M. 

R ivcrs. The Colorado, Brazos, and Rio del Norte. 

Productions, Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, and grain 
of various kinds. 

Capital and Chief Toivns, Houston was the former cap- 
ital. It is a place of considerable trade. Population, 3,500. 

Austin is now the seat of government. Bexar, or Bejar, 
and Galveston, are the principal towns. 

Government, Republic. 

Religion, Protestant and Catholic. 

State of Education and Morals, Low. Society is here 
in a very confused state. 


MEXICO. 

Boundaries, Mexico is bounded north by the U. S., east 
by the U. S., T., and the Gulf of M., south by G. and the 
P. Ocean, west by the P. Ocean. 

Ri vers, Colorado and Rio del Norte. 

• 

Mountains. The Cordilleras of Mexico, called, as they 
pass into the United States, the Rocky Mountains. 

Productions. (See Texas.) Also indigo and cochineal. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Mexico, the capital, is one 
of the most splendid cities in the world. The streets are 
regular, spacious, and elegant. The houses are beautiful. 
The public edifices surpass those of any other American 
city. It is elevated 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
Population, 200,000. 

Puebla resembles Mexico in many respects. Popul^ 
tion, 75,000. Guadalaxara has 60,000 inhabitants. 

Government. (See Texas.) 


NORTH AMERICA. 


69 


Religion, Roman Catholic. 

State of Education and Morals, Poor. There is but 
little knowledge or correct principle diffused among the 
mass of the people. 

Remarks. On the eastern and western coasts, the land is low 
and level. As you advance towards the interior, it gradually rises 
to an elevation of 7 or 8,000 feet above the sea. — The climate, 
soil, and productions, vary with the elevation of the country. — 
The gold and silver mines of Mexico are the richest in the world. 
The land often yields two crops a year. 


GUATIMALA. 

Boundaries, Guatimala is bounded north by M. and the 
C. Sea, east by the C. Sea, and south-west by the P. Ocean. 

Lake, Lake Nicaragua. 

Mountains, (See Mexico.) 

Productions, (See Mexico.) 

Capital and Chief Toivns, Guatimala is the capital. 
It has a delightful location and climate. The streets are 
neat and spacious : but the houses are low, on account of 
frequent earthquakes. Population, 50,000. 

Leon and Cartago are important places. 

Government, (See Mexico.) 

Religion, (See Mexico.) 

State of Education and Blorals, (See Mexico.) 

Remarks. Guatimala resembles Mexico in many respects. 
It has the same peculiarities of climate, soil, and surface. This 
country has many volcanoes. In some parts, logwood and ma- 
hogany are produced, of the best quality. 


THE WEST INDIES. 

This is the name of a large group of islands situated 
between North and South America. When they were first 
discovered by Columbus, they were supposed to form a 
part of the East India Islands. The climate, in summer, is 
hot and unhealthy ; in winter, it is delightful. These islands 


70 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


are subject to earthquakes, tempests, and tornadoes. With 
the exception of Hayti, they are owned by European powers. 
The productions of the West Indies are nearly the same as 
those of Mexico and Guatimala. The religion is Roman 
Catholic and Protestant. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Texas bounded.? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. What are the productions? 4. What are the capital and 
the chief towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Religion? 
7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Mexico bounded? 
9. What rivers? 10. Mountains? 11. What are the capital and 
the chief towns? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 
14. State of education and morals? 15. How is Guatimala bounded? 
16. What are the mountains? 17. What the productions? 18. What 
are the capital and the chief towns ? 19. Government ? 20. Reli- 

gion? 21. State of education and morals? 22. Where are the 
West Indies ? 23. To what kingdoms do they belong? 24. What 
are the productions? 25. What is the religion of these islands ? 

Review the four preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (Mention the states that lie on the Atlantic 
Ocean. What river flows into the Atlantic ? What river flows > 
into the Arctic Ocean ? What states lie on the Ohio River? What 
states lie on the Mississippi River? What states lie on the Gulf of 
Mexico? What bays, gulfs, and sounds, on the Atlantic coast? 
What capes ? What lakes in the United States? What ranges of 
mountains ? Mention the principal towns on the St. Lawrence. 
Hudson. Delaware. Potomac. Savannah. Ohio.) 


♦ 


LESSON XXXII. 

SOUTH AMUnUCA. 


Boundaries. S. America is bounded north by the C. 
Sea, east by the A. Ocean, south by the S. Ocean, west 
by the P. Ocean. 

Islands. The West Indies, Falkland Isles, Terra del 
Fuego, and the Isle of Chiloe.. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


71 


Capes Cape Vela, Cape St. Roque, St. Maria, Capa 
Horn, Cape Blanco. 

Isthmus of Darien. 

Mountains, The Andes and Geral Mountains. 

Plains. There are immense plains or pampas in the 
region of the great rivers. 

Sea, The Caribbean. 

Baijs, St. Matthew’s Bay and the Bay of Panama. 

Strait. Strait of Magellan. 

Lakes. Maracaybo and Titicaca. 

Rivers. Magdalena, Orinoco, Amazon and its branches, 
the St. Francisco, and Rio de la Plata. 

Minerals. Gold in great abundance, silver, copper, 
quicksilver, and diamonds. 

Divisions. South America is divided into N. G., V., E., 
G., B., P., B., P., U., U. P., C., and P. (The pupil need 
not commit these names.) 

Inhabitants. Native Indians, Negroes, and European 
races. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is South America bounded 2. What 
islands near ? 3. What capes ? 4. What isthmus ? 5. What moun- 
tains ? 6. Plains ? 7 . What sea ? 8. Bays ? 9. Strait ? 10. Lakes ? 

11. Rivers.^ 12. Minerals.^ 13. Divisions*^ 14. Inhabitants.^ 

Review Lessons XIII. and XIV. 


I. ESSON XXXIII- 

NEW GRENADA, VENEZUELA, AND EQUADOR. 

NEW GRENADA. 

Boundaries. New Grenada is bounded north by the C. 
Sea, east by V., south by E., west by the P. Ocean. 


72 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Rivers. Magdalena, and the branches of the Orinoco. 

Mountains. The Andes. 

Productions. (See Mexico.) Also coffee and plantains. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Bogota is the capital. It 
has many elegant buildings and churches. The latter are 
resplendent with gold and jewels. Population, 40,000. 

The other principal towns are Carthagena and Panama. 

Government. Republican in form. 

Religion. Roman Catholic. 

State of Education and Morals. Poor, Education is 
confined principally to the higher classes. 

Remarks. This country is mountainous, and the climate 
various, corresponding with that of the hottest and coldest lat- 
itudes. The soil and productions are various as the climate. — 
Gold, silver, and emeralds, are found here in abundance. 


VENEZUELA. 

Boundaries. Venezuela is bounded north by the C. Sea, 
east by G. and B., south by B., west by N. G. 

Rivers. The Orinoco, and the branches of the Amazon. 

Mountains. Chains of the Andes extend into this 
country. 

Productions. (See New Grenada.) 

Capital and Chief Totons. Caraccas is the capital. Its 
location is elevated. Its commerce is extensive. It has been 
reduced in population about one half, by reason of earth- 
quakes. Population, 48,000. 

Maracaybo and Valencia have each about 18,000 inhab- 
itants. 

Government. (See New Grenada.) 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. Venezuela is a vast plain, covered with luxuriant 
grass and numerous herds of cattle. The soil is rich, and the 
climate agreeable. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


73 


EQUADOR. 

Boundaries, Equador is bounded north by N. G., east 
by B., south by B. and P., west by the P. Ocean. 

R ivers. The Amazon and its branches. 

' 3Iountains, (See New Grenada.) 

Productions. (See New Grenada.) 

Capital and Chief Toions. Ouito is the capital. Its 
elevation above the ocean is nearly 10,000 feet. It has 
perpetual spring. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are 
'frequent. Population, 70,000. 

Guayaquil and Riobamba have each about 22,000 in- 
habitants. 

Government. (See New Grenada.) 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and 3Iorals. (See New Grenada.) 

’’ Remarks. Equador is traversed by ridges of the Andes. The 
climate of the valleys is that of perpetual spring. Seed-time and 
harvest are always present. The hues of spring and of autumn 
are blended in the same landscape. Mines producing gold, 
silver, lead, quicksilver, copper, and precious stones, are found 
here. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is New Grenada bounded ? 2. What 
are the rivers ? 3. What are the mountains ? 4. Productions ? What 

are the capital and towns? 5. What is the government? 6. Reli- 
gion? 7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Venezuela 
bounded? 9. What are the rivers ? 10. What are the mountains? 

11. Productions? Capital and the chief towns? 12. What is the gov- 
ernment? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals? 
15. How is Equador bounded ? 16. What are its rivers ? 17. What 

are its mountains ? 18. What are the capital and the chief towns ? 

19. What is the government? 20. Religion? 21. State of educa- 
tion and morals ? 

Review the first six lessons of Part I. 

Second Course. (What remarks were made in respect to New 
Grenada? Venezuela? Equador? What isthmus connects North 
and South America ? What sea, bay, gulf, and islands, lie between 
them? What states in North America have the same lonoritude 

O 

with New Grenada ? Venezuela .?) 

7 


74 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


LESSON XXXIV. 

PERU, BRAZIL, AND GUIANA. 

PERU. 

Boundaries. Peru is bounded north by E., east by B. 
and B., south by B. and the P. Ocean, west by the P. 
Ocean. 

Rivers. (See Equador.) 

Mountains. (See Equador.) 

Productions. (See Equador.) Also Peruvian bark. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. Lima is the capital. The' 
streets are handsome, but the houses are low. Like nearly 
all the Spanish cities, it has a square in the centre, where 
the streets terminate, and the public buildings are located. 
Population, 85,000. 

Cusco and Arequipa are places of considerable note. 
Government. (See New Grenada.) 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. Peru has almost every variety of climate and soil. 
In the low country, the climate is hot, and the land barren. In 
the elevated parts, the climate is temperate, and the soil good. 
The tops of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. 
Peru is rich in mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, quicksilver, &c. 


BRAZIL. 

Boundaries. Brazil is bounded north-east by the A. 
Ocean, south-east by the A. Ocean, south-west by U., P., 
B., and P., north-west by E., V., and G. 

Rivers. Amazon and its branches, and St. Francisco. 

Mountains. This vast country is traversed by numerous 
ranges of mountains, that take different names in differ- 
ent parts. The principal ridge is called Serra do Mar. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


75 


- Productions, Cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, and grains. 
(See New Grenada.) 

Capital and Chief T'owns, Rio Janeiro, the capital, has 
a fine harbor, and is elegantly built, with broad, straight, 
and well-paved streets. The public buildings and squares 
are splendid. The population, made up of various nations, 
amounts to 155,000. 

San Salvador is a splendid city. Population, 120,000. 

Pernambuco has a population of 60,000. 

Government. A limited monarchy. Till recently, Bra- 
zil was subject to Portugal. 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Blorals. (See New Grenada.) 

Rema.rks. This vast country is remarkable for its mountains, 
plains, and forests. The woods abound in aromatic plants. The 
climate is healthy, the soil fertile, and the scenery grand. Nu- 
merous herds of wild cattle rove in these forests. Silver, gold, 
emeralds, crystal, and diamonds, are found here. 


GUIANA. 

Boundaries. Guiana is bounded north by the A. Ocean, 
east and south by B., west by V. 

This country is made up of provinces subject to Euro- 
pean powers. The English, Dutch, and French, have pos- 
sessions here. The productions are the same, substantially, 
as those of New Grenada. Religion is Catholic and pagan. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Peru bounded.? 2. What are the 
rivers.? 3. Mountains.? 4. Productions.? Capital and the chief 
towns.? 5. What is the government.? 6. Religion.? 7. State of 
education and morals.? 8. How is Brazil bounded .? 9. What are the 

rivers.? 10. Mountains.? 11. Productions.? Capital and the chief 
towns.? 12. What is the government.? 13. Religion.? 14. State 
of education and morals .? 15. How is Guiana bounded .? 16. By 

whom is it owned.? 17. What are the productions.? 18. What is 
the religion .? ^ 

Review the remainder of Part I. 


76 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Second Course. (What was said of Peru Of Brazil.^ What is 
the height of the Andes What is their length.^ What are the 
length and course of the Amazon ? Plow are the principal towns 
in Peru situated ? How those in Brazil Which way is Rio 
Janeiro from New Orleans .?) 


♦ 


LESSON XXXV. 

BOLIVIA, UNITED PROVINCES, AND CHILI. 

BOLIVIA. 

Boundaries, Bolivia is bounded north by P. and B., 
east by B., south by the U. P., west by the P. Ocean and P. 

Rivers, Branches of the Amazon and La Plata. 

Mountains. (See New Grenada.) 

Productions. (See New Grenada, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Toions. La Plata is the capital. It is 
not a place of much note. 

Potosi is one of the largest towns in the country. The 
houses are externally neat, but internally filthy. The 
suburbs are mostly in ruins. 

La Paz lies in a deep ravine, environed by lofty moun- 
tains. It is a place of great commercial interest. 

Government. (See New Grenada.) 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. The surface of this country is mountainous, its 
soil and climate variable. The silver mines of Potosi are the 
richest in the world. 


UNITED PROVINCES. 

Boundaries. The United Provinces are bounded north 
by B., east by P., and by U., south by the A. Ocean and P., 
west by C. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


77 


Rivers, The La Plata and Colorado. 

Mountains, The Andes. 

Productions, Wheat, corn, tobacco, sugar-cane, and all 
kinds of tropical fruits. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Buenos Ayres, on the La 
Plata, is the capital. Its location is healthy and command- 
ing, and the streets regular and well paved. The houses 
are low, and mostly of brick ; they are generally surrounded 
by a garden. The public squares and edifices are numer- 
ous and grand. Population, 80,000. 

Cordova is a commercial and manufacturing city. It 
has 12,000 inhabitants. 

San Juan has an' extensive trade, and 16,000 inhabitants. 

Government, (See New Grenada.) 

Religion, (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals, (See New Grenada.) 

“ Remarks. This country has a scattered population. Most of 
the inhabitants are native Indians. The southern parts spread 
out into prairies or pampas, covered with luxuriant grass and 
plants, fed by numerous herds of wild horses and cattle. Gold, 
gems, and emeralds, are found here. 


CHILI. 

Boundaries, Chili is bounded north by B., east by the 
U. P. and P., south and west by the P. Ocean. 

Mountains, (See New Grenada.) 

Productions, Cotton, sugar, hemp, grains, and tropical 
fruits. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Santiago is the capital. It 
is situated in an extensive valley. The houses are low, on 
account of earthquakes, that are common there. Popula- 
tion, 55,000. 

Valparaiso is the port of Santiago, and has 20,000 in- 
habitants. Conception has 14,000 inhabitants. 

Government, (See New Grenada.) 

y * 


78 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


lieligion, (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. Chili is situated between the Andes and the ocean. 
The climate is healthy and delightful. This country is subject 
to earthquakes and frequent volcanic eruptions. It has many rich 
mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Bolivia bounded.^ 2. What are the 
rivers.? 3. Mountains.? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital 
and the chief towns.? 6. What is the government.? 7. Religion.? 
8. Education and morals.? 9. How are the United Provinces 
bounded.? 10. What are the rivers.? 11. Mountains.? 12. Pro- 
ductions.? 13. What are the capital and the chief towns.? 14. What 
is the government.? 15. Religion.? 16. Education and morals.? 
17. How is Chili bounded .? 18. What are the mountains.? 19. Pro- 

ductions .? 20. What are the capital and the chief towns .? 21. What 
is the government.? 22. Religion.? 23. Education and morals .? 

Review. 1. Where do the United States lie ^ 2. What is the 
government of the United States.? 3. What is the religion.? 
4. Describe the District of Columbia. 5. Name each particular, in 
respect to Maine. 6. New Plampshire. 7. Vermont. 8. Massa- 
chusetts. 9. Rhode Island. 10. Connecticut. 11. New York. 

Second Course. (What was said in respect to Bolivia.? The 
United Provinces .? Chili.? Which of the United States have the 
same longitude with Bolivia.? How are the chief towns in Bolivia 
situated.? How those in the United Provinces.? In Chili ?) 


♦ 


LESSON XXXVI. 

PARAGUAY, URUGUAY, AND PATAGONIA. 

PARAGUAY. 

^ Boundaries. Paraguay is bounded north and east by R, 
south and west by the U. P. 

Rivers. The Paraguay and Parana. 

Productions. Tea, tobacco, grain, and cattle. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


79 


Capital and Chief Towns, Assumption is the capital. 
Population, 7,000. Other towns are Villa Rica and Con- 
ception. 

Government. Absolute monarchy. 

Religion, (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. The soil here is good, the climate healthy. The 

E lains abound in numerous herds of cattle. A gum is produced 
ere, from which India rubber is made. 


URUGUAY. 

Boundaries. Uruguay is bounded north by B., east by 
the A. Ocean, south by the La Plata, west by the U. P. 

Rivers. The La Plata and Uruguay. 

Productions. (See United Provinces.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Monte Video, on the La 
Plata, is the capital. It is badly built, but has some trade. 
Population, 11,000. Other towns are Rio Grande and 
Colonia. 

Government. (See New Grenada.) 

Religion. (See New Grenada.) 

Education and Morals. (See New Grenada.) 

Remarks. This is a small republic, formerly a part of Brazil. 
The climate and soil are good. It exports a large quantity of 
hides. 

PATAGONIA. 

Patagonia lies at the southern extremity of South Ameri- 
ca, between the A. and P. Oceans. It is inhabited mostly 
by savage tribes. But little is known of them. They have 
been represented as of gigantic stature. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Paraguay bounded ? 2. What are th« 
rivers 3. Productions ^ 4. What are the capital and the chief 

.owns } 5. What is the government ^ 6. Religion ? 7. State of 
Xiucation and morals? 8. How b Uruguay bounded? 9. What 


80 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


are the rivers? 10. Productions? 11. What are the capital and the 
chief towns ? 12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. Ed- 
ucation and morals? 15. Where is Patagonia? 16. What is said 
of it ? 

Review. Describe, 1. New Jersey. 2. Pennsylvania. 3. Dela- 
ware. 4. Maryland. 5. Virginia. 6. Ohio. 7. Michigan. 8. In- 
diana. 9. Illinois. 10. Missouri. 11. Arkansas. 

Second Course. (What countries border on the Atlantic Ocean ? 
What on the C. Sea ? What on the Pacific ? What lakes in South 
America? Mention the principal chains of mountains. What is 
the length of the principal rivers in South America ^ What is their 
course ? . Into what do they flow ?) 




LESSON XXXVII, 

ETJHOFE. 


’Boundaries. Europe is bounded north by the A. Ocean, 
east by A., south by the B., A., and M. Seas, west by the 
A. Ocean. 

Islands. Cyprus, Candia, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the 
British Isles, Iceland, and Nova Zembla. 

Capes. North Cape, Cape Clear, and Cape Ortegal. 

Peninsulas. Greece, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Sweden 
and Norway. 

Mountains. Ural, Carpathian, Apennines, Alps, Pyrenees, 
Dofratield. 

Seas. Azof, Black, Marmora, Archipelago, Mediterra- 
nean, Irish, North, Baltic, and White Seas. 

Gulfs and Bays. Gulf of Venice, Taranto, Genoa, 
Lyons, Bothnia, Finland, Bay of Biscay. 

Channels and Straits. Straits of Bosphorus, Gibraltar, 
Dover, Scager Rack, the British and St. George’s 
Channels. 


EUROPE. 


81 


Lakes, Constance, Geneva, Wener, Wetter, Ladoga, 
* and Onega. 

R ivers. Dwina, Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, and the 
Danube. 

Minerals, Gold, silver, quicksilver, platina, and pre- 
cious stones. 


Divisions. Europe is divided into Turkey, G., A., S., 
I., S., P., F., E., I., S., B., II., G., P., D., N., S., and R. 
(The pupil need not commit these names, but simply ascer- 
tain where these places lie.) 

Inhabitants. Europe is inhabited almost entirely by 
civilized races of men. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Europe bounded.^ 2. What islands 
near.? 3. What capes 4. Peninsulas.? 5. Mountains? 6. Seas? 
7. Gulfs and bays ? 8. Channels and straits ? 9. What lakes ? 

10. Rivers?' 11. Minerals? 12. What are the civil divisions? 
' 13. By whom is Europe inhabited ? 

Review. What is an island? Cape? Peninsula? Mountain? 
Plain? What is a sea? Gulf or bay? Channel? Sound? Strait? 
What is a lake ? A river ? 


♦ 


LESSON XXXVIII. 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 

SPAIN. 

Boundaries. Spain is bounded north by the Bay of B. 
and F., east by the M. Sea, south by the junction of the M. 
Sea and the A. Ocean, west by P. and the A. Ocean. 

Rivers. The Ebro, Duero, Tagus, and Guadiana. 
Mountains. The Pyrenees. 

Productions. Grain, cotton, rice, tropical fruits, oil, and 
wines. 


82 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Capital and Chief Toivns, Madrid is the capital. It is 
a rich and beautiful city. The streets are regular, and the 
public buildings magnificent. The new palace is one of 
the finest royal residences in Europe. Population, 220,000. 
Barcelona has 120,000 inhabitants, Seville, 92,000. 

Government. A limited monarchy. A monarchy is a 
government administered by one individual, who usually 
receives the crown by inheritance. If the power of the 
monarch is restrained by law, or other 'branches of govern- 
ment, it is a limited monarchy \ if the sovereign power is not 
restrained, it is an absolute monarchy. 

Heligion. Roman Catholic. 

Education and Morals. Both are very much neglected. 
Learning and refinement are limited to the higher classes 

o O 

of society. 

Remarks. The face of the country in Spain is very much 
diversified. The scenery is generally picturesque and beautiful. 
The climate is mild ; the land good, but not well tilled. The in- 
habitants are tall, bold, tenacious of honor, and fond of amusement. 
Quicksilver, iron, coal, sulphur, and marble, are found here. 


PORTUGAL. 

Boundaries. Portugal is bounded north and east by S., 
south and west by the A. Ocean. / 

R ivers. The Duero and Tagus. 

o 

Productions. (See Spain, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Toions. Lisbon, on the Tagus, is the 
capital. It is a rich and splendid city. It abounds in magnifi- 
cent edifices. It has a large trade, and 262,000 inhabitants. 

Oporto, on the Duero River, has an extensive trade in 
wines and fruit. Population, 75,000. Coimbra has 20,000 
inhabitants. 

Government. (See Spain.) 

Religion. (See Spain.) 

Education and Morals. (See Spain.) 

Remarks. The facts stated in respect to Spain hold true, 
substantially, in respect to Portugal. The people are hospitable, 


EUROPE. 


83 


but superstitious. They are passionately fond of amusement. 
Most of them are miserably poor. There is a large variety of 
mineral productions in this country. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Spain bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. What are the mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What 
are the capital and the chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 
7. What is a monarchy ? 8. A limited monarchy? 9. An absolute 

monarchy? 10. What is the religion ? 11. What is the state of 

education and morals ? 12. How is Portugal bounded ? 13. What 

are the rivers ? 14. The productions ? 15. What are the capital 

and chief towns ? 16. What is the government ? 17. Religion ? 

18. Education and morals ? 

Review. Answer each question in reference to, 1. Kentucky. 
2. Tennessee. 3. North Carolina. 4. South Carolina. 5. Georgia. 
6. Alabama. 7. Mississippi. 8. Louisiana. 

Second Course. (What sea, ocean, bay, and straits, touch Spain ? 
How are the principal towns situated ? What remarks in respect to 
Spain ? Portugal ? Which way is Lisbon from Bangor ? New 
Orleans ? What rivers flow from Spain through Portugal ?) 


♦ 


LESSON XXXIX. 


ITALY AND GREECE. 


ITALY. . 

Boundaries, Italy is bounded north by S. and A., east 
by the Gulf of V., south and west by the M. Sea. 

Rivers, The Po and Tiber. 

Mountains, Apennines, and Mount Vesuvius, a volcano. 

Productions, (See Spain, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Towns, Rome is the capital of the 
Papal Dominions, both civil and ecclesiastical. It is one of 
the most ancient and splendid cities on the globe.- It is the 
seat of the pope and his court. St. Peter^s Church is a 


84 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


Splendid specimen of architecture, and the wonder of the 
world. Population of Rome, 150,000. 

The other principal cities are Naples, which has 360,000 
inhabitants, Venice, and Milan. 



Cathedral at Milan. 


Government. (See Itemarles, at the end of the lesson.) 

Religion. (See Spain.) 

Education and Morals. (See Spain.) 

Remarks. The peninsula of Italy is divided into several dis- 
tinct governments. Some of them are independent ; others are 
subject to foreign powers. Lombardy is dependent on Austria. 
It lies between the Po and the Alps. Tuscany is also depend- 
ent on Austria. It lies on the Mediterranean Sea. Parma, Mo- 
dena, and Lucca, lie in the northern part, and are dependent on 
Austria. The States of the Church, including San Marino, are 
in Central Italy. They are dependent on the pope. Sardinia, in- 
cluding Piedmont, Genoa, Savoy; and Naples, together with the 
Island of Sicily and several other contiguous islands, are 
independent Italy is the seat of the ancient Roman empire. 
Its soil is rich, its scenery grand. It abounds in specimens of 
ancient and modern art, and architecture. 


EUROPE. 


85 


GREECE. 

Boundaries, Greece is bounded north by T., east by 
the Archipelago, south and west by the M. Sea. 

Mountains. There are several small mountains in Greece, 
amonop which is the celebrated Parnassus. 

o 

Productions. (See Spain.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Athens is the capital. It is 
a city, celebrated in ancient and modern history. It was 
once the seat of learning, refinement, and power. It is now 
but the shadow of what it once was. Present population, 
14 , 000 . 

Navarino and Corinth are the other principal towns. 

Government. (See Spain.) 

Religion. Greek church. This form of religion resem- 
bles the Roman Catholic. Its adherents, however, do not 
acknowledge the supremacy of the pope. 

Education and 3Iorals. Poor, but improving. 

Remarks. Greece, in many respects, resembles Italy. It is 
the seat of the ancient Grecian empire. It is rich in relics of 
former grandeur, among the most interesting of which is the 
Acropolis, crowned with a splendid temple, devoted to Minerva. 

The Ionian Republic consists of seven small islands, west of 
Greece. Corfu is the capital. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Italy bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. Capital and chief 
towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 8. Educa- 
tion and morals ? 9. How is Greece bounded ? 10. What are the 

mountains? 11. Productions? 12. What are the capital and chief 
towns? 13. What is. the government ? 14. Religion? 15. State 

of education and morals. 


Review Lessons XXVIL, XXVIIL, XXIX., and XXX. 


Second Course. (Mention the states included in the peninsula 
of Italy. What are the principal towns ? Plow is each town sit- 
uated ? Which way is each from Rome ? What volcano is there 
near Naples ? Through what waters, and in what directions, would 
you sail in going from Rome to Montreal ? From Rome to New 
Orleans ? What is an archipelago ?) 


8 


86 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


LESSON XL. 
TURKEY AND AUSTRIA. 


TURKEY. 



Mosque of St. Sophia, 


Turkey lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia. 

Boundaries, Turkey in Europe is bounded north by 
A., east by R. and the B. Sea, south by the Sea of M. 
and A., and by G., west by the Gulf of V. and by A. 

Rivers, The Danube and its branches. 

Mountains, The Carpathian Mountains. The princi- 
pal chain in this country is the Balkan chain. 


EUROPE. 


87 


Productions, (See Spain, and the other countries of 
Southern Europe.) 

Capital and Chief Towns, Constantinople, the capital, 
is a splendid city. It has a large commerce, and many ele- 
gant edifices. Population, 600,000. 

Adrianople and Salonica are extensive cities. 

Govermnent, An absolute monarchy. 

JRcUgion, The religion is Mahometan. Other sects are 
tolerated. Mahometanism is a mixed religion, composed 
of the Jewish, Papal, and pagan. The Mahornetans be- 
lieve in one God, and that Mahomet was his last and principal 
messenger to mankind. They believe in a paradise where 
all will be rewarded according to their valor in propagating 
their religion, and their faithfulness in its duties and aus- 
terities. 

Education and Morals, The state of education and 
morals is bad. The Koran is their principal text-book 
in science, literature, and morals. 

Remarks. The face of the country in Turkey is diversified. 
The soil and climate are excellent. The advantages for 
commerce are good. Turkey produces alum and sulphur in 
abundance. Gold, copper, iron, lead, and quarries of excellent 
marble, are found here. Useful drugs, fine carpets, crapes, and 
gauzes, are manufactured in this country. 


AUSTRIA 

Boundaries, Austria is bounded north by P. and P., 
east by R. and T., south by T., the Gulf of V., and by I., 
west by S. and G. 

R iuers. The Danube and its branches. (See Turkey.) 

Mountains, (See Turkey.) 

Productions, Grain of various kinds, including wheat, 
rye, oats, corn, &/C., fruits, and the products of their ex- 
tensive pastures and forests. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Vienna is the capital of this 
empire. It is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fertile 
region. It has many public squares, monasteries, theatres, 
churches, and splendid palaces. Population, 300,000. 


88 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Prague and Buda are each places of note. 

Government. An absolute monarchy. In its bearings 
upon some of the states, it is limited. Austria is an em- 
pire ; the sovereign is styled emperor. 

An empire is a government that includes several distinct 
states or kingdoms. 

Ileligion. Roman Catholic. Other sects are tolerated. . 

Education and 3Iorals. General education is more at- 
tended to than in most Catholic countries ; and yet the 
state of education and morals is, upon the whole, low. 

Remarks. Austria embraces the kingdom of Hungary, a part 
of the kingdom of Poland, and a portion of the German domin- 
ions. The soil and climate are excellent. The mineral produc- 
tions are copper, iron, silver, gold, lead, and quicksilver. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Turkey bounded.^ 2. What are the 
''ivers.^ 3. Mountains.? 4. Productions.? 5. What are the capital 
and chief towns .? 6. What is the government .? 7. Religion .? 

8. State of education and morals .? 9. How is Austria bounded .? 

10. What are the rivers.? 11. Mountains.? 12. Productions^ 
13. What are the capital and chief towns.? 14. What is the govern- 
ment? 15. What is an empire.? 16. What is the religion of Aus- 
tria .? 17. What is the general state of education and morals.? 

Review. Describe,!. Texas. 2. Mexico. 3. Guatimala. 4. The 
West Indies. 5. New Grenada. 6. Venezuela. 7. Guiana. 

Second Course. (What remarks were made in respect to Turkey .? 
Austria .? What seas are connected with Turkey .? How are the 
principal towns situated.? How those of Austria.? What other 
states and countries have the same latitude .? Mention some of the 
branches of the Danube, its rise, course, length.) 


EUROPE 


89 


LESSON XLI. 
RUSSIA AND POLAND. 
RUSSIA. 



Admiralty. 


The Russian empire is the largest territorial empire on 
the globe. 

Boundaries, Russia is bounded north by the A. Ocean, 
east by Asiatic Russia, south by the A. and B. Seas, and 
by T. and A., west by P., the B. Sea, and by S. and N. 

Rivers, The Dwina, Volga, Don, and Dnieper, are among 
the largest. 

O 

Mountains, The Ural Mountains. 

Productions, These are various. In Southern Russia, 
they correspond with those of Austria. In the northern 
regions, they are furs, timbers, and minerals. 

Capital and Chief Towns, St. Petersburg is the capital. 
lU site is low. Parts of the spot on which it stands were 

8 * 


90 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


once islands, marsh, or water. It is one of the most ex- 
posed, but beautiful cities on the globe. Its temples, 
palaces, and artificial works, are splendid. Population, 
500,000. 

Moscow, the ancjent capital of Russia, was mostly 
destroyed by fire, at the French invasion under Napoleon, 
in 1812. The great bell of Moscow is 21 feet in circum- 
ference. It is the largest in the world. This city contains 
many magnificent buildings. The trade, however, is small. 
Present population, 250,000. 

Cronstadt, Riga, Orel, and Tula, are important places. 

Government. An absolute monarchy. The emperor is 
the supreme head of church and state. 

Religion. (See Greece.) Other sects are tolerated, and 
are numerous. 

Education and Morals. Both are in a low condition. 

Religion and government exert but little influence over the 

majority of the people. Heathenism prevails over a large 

part of the empire. The lower class, or serfs, are in a state 

of vassalage to the lords. 

o / 

Remarks. This country is generally level. In the northern 
parts, tlie soil is barren and the climate cold. In the southern 
parts, the climate is mild and the soil good. The land is culti- 
vated mostly by the serfs. Mines of gold, silver, and copper, 
are found here. 


POLAND. 

Boundaries. Poland is bounded north and east by R., 
south by A., west by P. 

Rivers. Vistula and Niernen. 

Productions., Corn, grain, hemp, and the products of 
the pastures and forests. Large numbers of cattle and 
sheep are raised here. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Warsaw is considered the 
capital. This city, though irregularly built, abounds in 
splendid palaces and works of art. Population, 150,000. 

Kalisch and Lublin are the chief towns. They have 
each about 12,000 inhabitants. 


EUROPE. 


91 


Government. Poland is subject to Russia. The em- 
peror of Russia is also king of Poland. 

Religion. The Roman Catholic religion prevails here. 

Education and Morals. Poor, but improving. (See 
Greece.) 

Remarks. The land in Poland is level, and the soil excellent 
A species of manna falls by night, and is collected in sieves 
in the morning. It is a great luxury. — Poland was formerly one 
of the largest kingdoms in Europe. Only about one fifth of the 
ancient kino-dom is now called Poland. — The inhabitants are tall, 
athletic, and handsome in their persons, and courteous and hos- 
pitable to strangers. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Russia bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers.? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital 
and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 

S. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Poland bounded ? 

10. What are the rivers? 11. Productions ? 12. What are the cap- 
ital and chief towns ? 13. What is the government? 14. Religion.^' 

15. State of education and morals ? 

Review. Describe, 1. Equador. 2. Brazil. 3. Peru. 4. Bolivia. 
5. United Provinces. 6. Paraguay. 7. Uruguay. 8. Chili. 

Second Course. (What ocean, seas, gulfs, lakes, and rivers, are 
connected with Russia ? What remarks were made in respect to this 
country ? How is each of the principal towns situated ? How those 
of Poland ? What remarks respecting this province ? What Amer- 
ican states have the same latitude ? Mention some of the smaller 
rivers of Russia. Mention the lakes of Russia.) 


■o 


LESSON XLII. 

SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Boundaries, Switzerland is bounded north by'G., east 
by A., south by I., west by F. 

Rivers. The Rhine and Rhone have their source in 
this country. 


92 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Mountains, The Alps. 

Productions. Grains, and the products of the pasture, 
which are cattle, wool, butter, and cheese. (See Austria, in 
general.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne, 
are alternately the capitals. Berne is a beautiful city, with 
extensive trade and manufactures. It is the seat of many 
important seminaries. Population, 18,000. 

Geneva is the most flourishing city in Switzerland. It is 
situated on Lake Geneva, which renders its scenery beauti- 
ful. It was the residence of Calvin, the great reformer. 
Population, 27,000. 

Basle is noted for its trade, commerce, and literary insti- 
tutions. Population, 16,000. 

Government. A confederacy, made up of over twenty 
distinct states, differing somewhat in the character of their 
government. 

Religion. Protestant. There are also Roman Catholics 
and Jews. 

State of Education and Blorals. . Good, in general. 
There are many flourishing literary institutions here. 

Remarks. Switzerland is a land of wonders. It is noted for 
its mountains, glaciers, and cataracts. The glaciers are tracts 
of glittering ice, that have been accumulating for ages. They 
sometimes take the shape of cities of crystal, with spires and tur- 
rets blazing in the sun. Avalanches of snow and ice from these 
mountains are frequent, and often disastrous. Over the Alps 
Buonaparte constructed a military road, more than a mile high. 
There are several beautiful lakes in this country, the largest of 
which are Lakes Constance and Geneva ; the former of which may 
be styled the “ Lake of the Clouds.” 


GERMANY. 

Boundaries. Germany is bounded north by the N. Sea, 
D., and the B. Sea, east by P. and A., south by A. and S., 
west by F., B., and H. 

Rivers. The Rhine, Elbe, and Danube. 


EUROPE. 


93 


Mountains. The Alps and Carpathian Mountains ex- 
tend into this country. 

Productions. (See Austria.) Grains, fruits, and the 
products of the pasture and forest. 

Capital and Chief l^owns. Frankfort is the seat of the 
** German Diet.” It is a place of extensive commerce. It 
has much wealth and beauty. Population, 55,000. 

Munich is one of the handsomest cities in Germany. It 
is adorned with promenades and splendid buildings. The 
Royal Palace is one of the finest in Europe. Population, 
80,000, 

Hanover is an ancient city. It has many elegant struc- 
tures of hewn stone. Population, 28,000. 

Hamburg has many elegant edifices, a thriving commerce, 
and many institutions and libraries. Population, 125,000. 

Government. A confederacy, made up of over 30 dif- 
ferent states and cities, having various forms of government. 

Education and Morals. In Protestant Germany, the 
state of education and morality is good. Germany abounds 
in universities. In the cultivation of music, the Germans 
rank next to the Italians. It is taught in the common 
schools, as a part of education. 

Remarks. Under the title of Germany are included parts of 
Austria, Pmssia, Bavaria, Wirtemburg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, 
and the cities of Hamburg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubec. There 
are about 20 other states of less note. These states and cities 
have entered into what is called the “ German Confederacy,” by 
which they are bound to defend each other in war, and to submit 
all their disputes to be settled by the Federative Diet. — This 
country abounds in fine cattle and sheep. Silver, copper, tin, 
and coal, are found here. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Switzerland bounded.^ 2 . What are 
the rivers ? 3. Mountains ? 4. Productions ? 5. What are the capital 
and chief towns.-’ 6. What is the government.? 7 . Religion.? 
8. State of education and morals .? 9. How is Germany bounded .? 

10. What are the rivers.? 11. Mountains.? 12. Productions,? 
13. What are the capital and chief towns .? 14. What is the govern- 
ment.? 15. Religion .? 16. State of education and morals .? 17. What 

is said of the cultivation of music .? 

Review. Describe, 1. Spain. 2. Portugal. 3. Italy. 4. Greece. 
5. Turkey. 6. Austria. 


94 


PARTICULAR VIEW 


Second Coukse. (What remarks respecting Germany? Men- 
tion some of the states and free cities. What seas and peninsula 
does it touch ? What is said of Switzerland ? What lakes there ? 
What countries and states have about the same latitude? Which 
way is Berne from Rome ? From Boston.'’ New Orleans ?) 




LESSON XL III. 
FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 
FRANCE. 



Palace at Fontainchleaii. 


Bounda 7 'ies. France is bounded north by the B. Channel, 
Straits of D., and by B., east by G., S., and I., south by the 
M. Sea and S., west by the Bay of B. " 

Ri vers. The Loire, Garonne, Seine, and Rhone. 
3Iountains. The Alps and Pyrenees. 

Productions. Same as in Central Europe generally — 


EUROPE. 


/ 


95 


various kinds of grain, the products of the pasture, fruits, 
wines, and oil. 

Capital and Chief Toicns. Paris is the capital. It is 
enclosed by a wall 17 miles in circuit. It is a splendid and 
fashionable city. It abounds in magnificent edifices, prom- 
enades, fountains, and places of amusement. Population, 
nearly 1,000,000. 

Lyons, Marseilles, and Bourdeaux, have each great wealth, 
beauty, and commercial advantages, and each has a popu- 
lation of over 100,000. 

Government, A limited monarchy. It secures to the 
people, in effect, nearly the whole political power. The 
crown only is hereditary, and this in the male line. 

Religion, (See Spain.) All sects are tolerated here, 
and have equal rights. Protestantism is advancing. 

Education and Morals. The general state of education 
and morals is low. Literary advantages are restricted 
mostly to the higher classes of society. 

Remarks. France presents a diversity of surface and scenery. 
The soil and climate are excellent. The French hold a high 
rank in the scientific world. Amusement and dissipation abound 
in France, especially in the large cities. Coal, lead, manganese, 
and some other minerals, abound in this country. 


BELGIUM. 

Boundaries, Belgium is bounded north by H., east by 
G., south by F., west by the N. Sea. 

Rivers. The Scheldt and Rhine. 

Productions, (See Austria.) The land is in a high state 
of cultivation, and yields various kinds of grain and fruit. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Brussels is the capital. It is 
a large manufacturing city. It has many fine squares and 
palaces. Its location is beautiful ; its suburbs extensive. 
Population, 100,000. 

Antwerp contains one of the most elegant cathedrals in 
the world. Its spire is 440 feet high. This city is now 
on the decline ; has less than half its former inhabitants. 
Once it had 200,000 inhabitants, and was one of the richest 
cities in the world. Now the population is only 70,000. 


96 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Government, (See France.) 

Religion. (See France.) 

Education and Morals, (See France.) 

Remarks. The land is low, but fertile. Great attention is 
paid to agriculture and manufactures. The fine arts, especially 
that of painting, are carried to great perfection here. The 
country is intersected by numerous canals and small streams of 
water. — The celebrated battle of Waterloo^ was fought in Bel- 
gium. 

QUESTIONS. ]. How is France bounded? 2 . What are the 
rivers ? 3. Mountains ? 4. Productions ? 5. What are the capital 

and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7 . Religion ? 

8. What is the state of education and morals ? 9. How is Bel- 

gium bounded? 10. What are the rivers? 11. The productions? 
12. What are the capital and chief towns ? 13. What is the govern- 
ment ? 14. Religion ? 15. State of education and morals ? 

Review. Describe, 1. Austria. 2. Switzerland. 3. Germany. 
4. Poland. .5. Russia. / 

Second Course. (What was said of France? Of Be^ium? 
What seas, strait, gulf, bay, channel, and peninsula, does ftance 
touch ? How are its principal towns situated ? Which way is each 
from Paris ? Plow are the principal towns in Belgium situated ?) 


*o- 


LESSON XEIV. 

PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. 

PRUSSIA. 

Boundaries. Prussia is bounded north by the B. Sea, 
east by P., south by A. and G., west by G. 

Rivers. Elbe, Oder, Vistula, and Niemen. 

Productions, Grain, timber, the products of the pasture, 
viz., butter, cheese, cattle, sheep, &>c. 

Capital and Chief Towns, The capital is Berlin. It is 
situated upon a plain on the River Spree. Its streets and 


EUROPE* 


or 


squares are elegant. The public buildings are splendid. 
The Royal Palace is one of the most magnificent in Europe. 
The Arsenal is said to be the largest in the world. There 
are several universities and literary institutions here. Pop- 
ulation, 244,000. 

Cologne, on the Rhine, is a place of large trade, and has 
GG,000 inhabitants. 

Breslau, upon the Oder, is one of the largest cities in 
Prussia. It is celebrated for its trade and literary institu- 
tions. Population, 90,000. 

Government. Absolute monarchy. The power of the 
sovereign, however, is exercised mildly. 

Religion. Protestant, Lutheran. They hold to the opin- 
ions and forms inculcated by Luther, the great reformer. 

Education and Morals. Nowhere in the world are the 
blessings of education more generally enjoyed than in 
Prussia. As might be expected, the state of morality is 

Remarks. Prussia is distinnruished for its excellent systems 
of education. All are required by law to furnish the means of 
education for their children. The surface of the country is gen- 
erally level, but the soil is poor. Amber is found here in large 
quantities. 



DENMARK. 

Eoundaries. Denmark is bounded north by the Strait 
of S., east by the Straits of C. and the B. Sea, south by G., 
west by the N. Sea. 

Productions. Grains, and the proceeds of the pasture 
and flocks. (See Austria, and Central Europe, in general.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. Copenhagen is the seat of 
government. Its site is somewhat like that of St. Peters- 
burg. Its streets, squares, and public buildings, resem- 
ble those of Berlin. Population, 124,000. 

The chief towns are Altona and Flensburg : the former 
has 30,000, the latter 15,000 inhabitants. 

Government. Absolute monarchy, modified, however, by 
the intelligence of the people. (See Prussia.) 

9 


98 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Religion, Protestant, Lutheran. (See Prussia.) 

Education and Morals. Gymnasiums and primary 
schools abound here. The general state of education and 
morality is good ; and yet the effects of the old feudal sys- 
tem are still felt. Whole territories, once subjected to mil- 
itary chieftains and conquerors, still remain, by a kind of 
entailment, in the line of their ancestors, and are in the same 
state of vassal a o[e. 

Remarks. Denmark is a commercial country. The climate 
and soil are good. The atmosphere is generally hazy and moisL 
The Danes are a moral, enlightened, industrious, and courteotii 
people. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Prussia bounded.? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. Productions? 4. What are the capital and chief towns? 
5. What is the government ? 6. Religion? 7. What is the state of 

education and morals? 8. How is Denmark bounded? 9. What 
are the productions ? 10. What are the capital and chief towns ? 

II. What is the government? 12. Religion? 13. State of educa- 
tion and morals ? 

Review the four preceding lessons. 

Second Course. (What \vas said of Prussia? Of Denmark? 
What states have the same latitude with Prussia? What seas and 
straits touch Denmark ? Plow are the chief towns of Denmark sit- 
uated ? Of Prussia? Which way is Berlin from Boston? Balti- 
more ? Buenos Ayres ?) 


• 9 * 


LESSON XLV. 

ENGLAND AND IRELAND. 

ENGLAND. 

Boundaries. England is bounded north by S., east by 
the N. Sea, south by the Straits of D. and the B. Channel, 
west by St. G.’s Channel and the I. Sea. 

R ivers. The Thames and Severn. 

Mountains, The Snowdon Mountains, in Wales. 


EUROPE 


99 


Productions. The land in England is in a high state of 
cultivation. Almost every article is raised here that can be 
cultivated in this latitude. All kinds of grain and fruit are 
produced here. 



Westminster Mhey. 


Capital and Chief Toivns. London, on the Thames, m 
the capital of the British empire. It is the largest, richest, 
and most splendid city on the globe. It abounds in 
parks, palaces, bridges, theatres, and colleges. Many of 
the churches are elegant. 

St. Paul’s Cathedral is one of the finest churches in th« 
world. London has been denominated a forest of splendor.’* 
Some parts of it, however, especially those included in the 
ancient city, are mean. Whole population, nearly 2,000,000. 

Next to London, in point of wealth and trade, is Liver- 
pool, situated on the Mersey. It is a great commercial 
town, having an extensive trade with the United Statai. 
Population, nearly 200,000. 

Manchester and Birmingham are large manufacturing 
places ; the former of cotton goods, the latter of iron war« 
of all kinds. 

Government* A limited monarchy. The king, or 


100 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


queen, is head of the church and state. The royal power 
is limited by parliament. 

Religion, Protestant. Episcopacy is the established 
religion. It is incorporated with the governmelit. 

Education and Morals. The privileges of education are 
not universally enjoyed here. The poor are ignorant, but 
the higher classes enjoy every advantage for the cultivation 
of the mind and manners. 

Wales is a province of England, situated in the south- 
west part of the island. The people are poor, but con- 
tented, industrious, and happy. The land is hilly, but pro- 
ductive. 

Remarks. England is distinguished for its commerce, agri- 
culture, manufactures, and internal improvements. The soil is 
fine. The climate is less variable than in most European coun- 
tries. The mineral productions are coal, copper, tin, iron, and 
- lead. England abounds in splendid cities, and monuments of 
wealth and power. The finest breeds of cattle are raised here. 


IRELAND. 

Boundaries. Ireland is bounded east by the I. Sea, north, 
south, and west, by the A. Ocean. 

R ivcr. The Shannon. : 

Productions. Potatoes and flax are raised here in abun- 
dance. (See England, and Central Europe, generally.) 

Capital and Chief Towns. The capital is Dublin. It 
is a city of elegance and of poverty, of palaces and of 
hovels. Things are seen here in contrast. It has much 
wealth and trade, as well as poverty and wretchedness. 
Population, 270,000. 

Cork and Limerick stand next to Dublin in point of im- 
portance and population ; the former having over 100,000, 
and the latter over 60,000 inhabitants. 

Government. Ireland is subject to the crown of England. 

Religion. (See France.) Other denominations exist. 
All, however, are subject to the tithing system. 

Education and 3Iorals. Both are in a low condition. 


I 



EUROPE. 


101 


Remarks. The soil of Ireland is rich, the scenery beautiful 
There are, however, nmnerous bogs and morasses, upon this island, 
that are unfit for cultivation. In Ireland there are many castles 
and churches in a dilapidated state. The Irish are a witty, 
hardy, hospitable, but passionate people. The Giants’ Cause- 
tray is a great curiosity. It consists of more than 100,000 pillarai 
or columns of basaltic rock, rising to a height of 300 or 400 feet 
above the water. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is England bounded ? 2. What are tlie 

rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital 
and chief towns? 6 . What is the o*overnnient ? 7. Relio-ion ? 

o o 

8. State of education and morals? 9. How is Ireland bounded? 
10. What river? 11. What are the productions? 12. What aro 
the capital and chief towns? 13. What is the government? 14. Re- 
ligion? 15. State of education and morals ? 

Review each country in South x^merica. 

Second Course. (What was said of England ? Of Ireland ? 
What waters does England touch? Where is Wales? What is 
said of its inhabitants ? What states and countries have the same 
latitude with England ? How are the principal cities of England 
situated ? IIow those of Ireland ?) 




L.ESSON X I.VI. 


HOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. 


HOLLAND. 

Boundaries. Holland is bounded north and west by the 
N. Sea, east by G., and south by B. 

River. The Rhine. 

Productions. (See Austria and Central Europe.) The 
land, much of which has been reclaimed from the ocean, is 
in a high state of improvement. The best of butter and 
cheese is made here. 

Capital and Chief Toicns. Hague is the capital- It is 

9 ^ 


102 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


remarkable for its canals, and is one of the best built cities 
in Europe. Population, 56,000. 

Amsterdam is a place of extensive commerce and wealth. 
It is intersected by the River Amstel, and by numerous 
canals, across which there are nearly 300 bridges. This 
city contains much that is splendid and attractive. It is 
the seat of many literary institutions. Population, 200,000. 

Government. A limited monarchy. 

Keligion. (See Prussia.) 

Education and Morals. The general state of education 
and morality here is good. 

Remarks. Ilolland is a low and level country, and is subject 
to frequent inundations from the sea. To prevent these, immense 
dikes are raised along the shore. The soil is excellent, and in a 
high state of cultivation. Holland abounds in canals, which serve 
both as mediums of travel and conveyance. The Dutch are an 
industrious and moral people. 


SCOTLAND. 

Boundaries. Scotland is bounded west and north by 
the A. Ocean, east by the N. Sea, south by E. and the 
I. Sea. 

Rivers. There are a few inconsiderable streams, most 
of which widen near the ocean into friths. 

Mountains. The Grampian Mountains or Hills. 

Productions. The same as in Central Europe generally. 
Grain, grass, oats, and potatoes, are raised here in abun* 
dance. 

Capital and Chief Tokens. Edinburgh is the capital. It 
is surrounded by rugged cliffs and precipices, giving it a 
romantic and picturesque appearance. It is a city of learn- 
ing, wealth, and trade. Population, 180,000. 

Glasgow is the largest and richest city in Scotland. It 
is a place of extensive trade and manufactures. Population, 
200,000. Aberdeen has 60,000 inhabitants. 

Government, Scotland is subject to England, blit ha$ a 
representation in parliament. 

Religion. Protestant. 


EUROPE. 


103 


Education and Morals, Both are in a high state of cul- 
tivation. 

Remarks. The Highlands are cold and barren, the Lowlands 
mild and productive. There are numerous lakes, or, as they are 
here called, “lochs,” interspersed among the Highlands, which 
often give the scenery a picturesque aspect The Scotch are 
brave, hardy, and intelligent 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Holland bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. What are the productions ? 4. What are the capital and 

chief towns? 5. What is said of the government? (1. Religion? 
7. State of education and morals? 8. How is Scotland bounded? 
9. What are the mountains? 10. Productions? 11. What are the 
capital and chief towns ? 12. Government? 13. Religion? 14. State 
of education and morals ? 

Review. Describe, 1. Spain. 2. Portugal. 3. Italy. 4. Greece. 
6. Turkey. 6. Austria. 7. Switzerland. 8. Germany. 

Second Course. (What is said of Holland ? Of Scotland? 
What separates these countries ? What islands near Scotland ? 
How are the chief towns in Scotland situated ? What is the climate 
of Scotland ? What states and countries have tlie same latitude 
with Holland.^) 


LESSON XLVII. 

t 

NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 

NORWAY. 

Boundaries. Norway is bounded north by the A. Ocean, 
east by L. and S., south by the Strait of S., west by the A. 
Ocean. 

Rivers, None of note. 

Mountains. The Dofr afield. 

Productions. Their fisheries are sources of large profit. 
Timber, fur, and mineral productions, abound here. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Christiana is the capital. It 


X04 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


is built in a valley. The streets are neat and regular. It 
has a fine harbor, and a population of 20,500. 

Bergen is similarly situated, and is about as large QS 
Christiana. Droiitheim has 13,000 inhabitants. 

Government, This kingdom is subject to Sweden. 

KeUgion, Protestant. 

Education and Morals. Learning is pretty extensively 
diffused. Itinerant teachers communicate instruction to 
the common people to great advantage. 

Remarks. Norway is a cold and barren region. The prin- 
cipal sources of wealth are tlie fisheries, forests of oaks, elm, fir, 
and pine. On the coast of Norway is the celebrated vortex 
called the Maelstrom. Laro^e vessels have been drawn into this 
whirlpool. The Norwegians are an honest, courageous, and 
moral people. 


SWEDEN. 

Boundaries, Sweden is bounded north by N. and 
east by the Gulf of B. and the B. Sea, south by the B. Sea# 
west by N. 

Lakes, Wener and Wetter. 

Mountains . (See Norway.) 

Productions, (See Norway.) Also grains, and the 
products of the pasture. 

Capital and Chief Towns. The capital is Stockholm 
It is built upon several islands and peninsulas.' Its situation 
13 beautiful, and its trade large. It has 80,000 inhabitants. 

Gottenburg is well fortified, and has a good harbor. Pop- 
ulation, 25,000. Carlscrona has 14,000 inhabitants. 

Govamment. A limited monarchy. 

Religion. Protestant, Lutheran. It has more of form 
than of spirit and power. 

Education and Morals. Most of the inhabitants can 
read and write. The general state of education and morals, 
however, is low. 

Remarks. Sweden abounds in lakes and small streams. It 
is a cold, barren country. 

Lapland is situated in the northern part of Europe. It is a 


ASIA. 


105 


dreary and barren region. The inhabitants are stupid and super* 
stitious. The reindeer afford them food and clothing. They 
are beasts of burden, and have great swiftness in travelling. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Norway bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers? 3. Mountains? 4. Productions? 5. What are the capital 
and chief towns ? 6. What is the government ? 7. Religion ? 

8. State of education and morals ? 9. How is Sweden bounded ? 

10. What lakes there? 11. Mountains? 12. What are the pro- 
ductions? 13. What are the capital and chief towns? 14. What 
is tlie orovernment? 15. What is the reliirion ? 16. What is the 

state of education and morals ? 

Review. Describe, 1. France. 2. England. 3. Ireland. 4. Scot- 
land. 5. Belgium. 6. Holland. 7. Germany. 8. Prussia. 

Second Course. (What is said of Norway ? Of Sweden ? Of 
Lapland? What islands near Norway ? What else on the coast of 
Norway ? What large island near Lapland ? What sea, gulf, and 
straits, touch Sweden ?) 




LESSON XLVIII. 


S £ « 


Boundaries, Asia is bounded north by the A. Ocean, 
east by the seas bordering on the P. Ocean, south by the 
I. Ocean, west by the M. Sea and E. 

Islands, Nova Zembla, Japan Islands, Philippine Isles, 
Borneo, Sumatra, and Ceylon. 

Capes, Comorin, and Lopatka. 

Peninsulas, Kamtschatka, Corea, Malacca, and Arabia. 

Mountains, Himmaleh, Sinai, Ararat, and Altay (or 
Altai) Mountains. 

Deserts, Great Desert, Sandy Desert, Desert of Shamo. 

Seas, Okotsk, Japan, Yellow, Chinese, Arabian, Red, 
Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian. 

Gidfs and Bays, Gulf of Tonquin, Persian Gulf, 
Gulf of Ormus ; Bay of Bengal. 


106 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Straits* Strait of Malacca, Babelmandel, and Behring’s 
Strait. 

Lakes. Aral and Baikal. 

Ilivcrs. Cambodia, Irawaddy, Ganges, Indus, Eu- 
phrates, Obi, Yenisei, Lena, Kiang-Ku, Hoang-Ho. 

3finerals. Gold, silver, quicksilver, lead, tin, iron, copper, 
coal, salt, and precious stones. 

Divisions. Asia is divided into A., T., P., I. T., A., H., 
B., H., F. L, C., J., and S. 

Inhabitants. Asia is inhabited by a great variety of 
races. The general classification may be the white, the 
Indian, and Negro races. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Asia bounded? 2. What islands 
near? 3. What capes ? 4. Peninsulas ? 5. Mountains ? 6. Deserts? 
7. Seas? 8. Gulfs and bays ? 9. Straits? 10. Lakes ? 11. Rivers? 

12. What minerals are found there? 13. What are the civil divis- 
ions of Asia ? 14. By whom is it inhabited ? 

Review Lessons XIII., XXXII., and XXXVIL 


< 0 * 


LESSON XLIX. 

ARABIA AND TURKEY. 

ARABIA. 

Doundaries. Arabia is bounded north by T., east by the 
P. and O. Gulfs, south by the A. Sea and Strait of B., west 
by the R. Sea. 

Rivers. None of note. 

Desert. The Great Desert. 

Productions. Aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gumarabic, 
coffee, pepper, and tropical fruits. 

Chief Towns. Mecca is celebrated as the birthplace of 
Mahomet. It is the principal resort for pilgrims from all 


ASIA. 


107 


Mahometan nations. It has now only half its former num- 
ber of inhabitants. Population, 60,000. 

.Jidda, on the Red Sea, is the port of Mecca. It is a well- 
fortified place. Population, 40,000. 

Medina contains the tomb of Mahomet. The inhabitants 
live mostly by gifts from the pilgrims. Population, 8,000. 

Government. The government is that of independent 
chiefs, called sheiks. Each tribe is ruled by its respective 
chief. 

Religion. Mahometanism. (See Turkey in Europe.) 

State of Education and Morals. Low. Learning and 
morality are almost entirely neglected. 

Remarks. Arabia is divided into Arabia PetrsBa, Deserta, 
and Felix. This peninsula has many deserts, and is subject to a 
destructive wind, called the Simoom. The Arabians, during th© 
middle ages, were called Saracercs. They are an ignorant, bar- 
barous, and warlike people. They live mostly by hunting and 
plundering. 


TURKEY IN ASIA. 


Boundaries. Turkey is bounded north by the B. Sea, 
east by P., south by A., west by the M. Sea. 

Rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates. 

Mountains. Ararat and Taurus. 

Productions. Wines, oil, silks, some grain, and tropical 
fruit. 

Chief Toions. Jerusalem, the ancient capital of Pales- 
tine, is still a place of great interest. It is identified with 
the most sacred associations, and, in fact, with the religious 
history of our race. It contains some magniheent churches. 
The Mosque of Omar stands on the precise spot where the 
ancient Temple once stood. 

Bagdad, on the Tigris, was once a place of renown, but 
is now on the decline. Population, 100,000. 

Bassora, now going to decay, has 60,000 inhabitants. 

Smyrna, still a place of great interest, has a population 
of 130,000. 

Palmyra, once a splendid city, is now in ruins. 


108 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Government. (See Turkey in Europe.) It is a part of 
the same empire. 

Religion. (See Arabia.) The Greek, Armenian, and 
Nestorian churches still survive here. 

Education and Morals. Both are in a neglected state. 

Remarks. Syria, or the Holy Land, is included in this empire. 
Its possession has recently been contested between the Ottoman 
Pone and the Pacha of Egypt. Many ancient cities of renown 
had their seat in this country ; among which were Nineveh, Troy, 
Babylon, Balbec, and Tyre. No trace of these cities now remains. 
Silver, copper, lead, and iron, are found in tiiis country. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Arabia bounded.^ 2. What desert is 
here.^ 3. What are the productions.^ 4. Chief towns 5. What 
is the government 6. Religion.^ 7. State of education and morals 
8. How is Turkey in Asia bounded ^ 9. What are the rivers ^ 

10. Mountains.^ il. Productions.^ 12. Chief towns 13. What 
is the government.^ 14. Religion.^ 15. State of education and 
morals ^ 

PcF.viEw. Describe, 1. Norway. 2. Sweden. 3. Russia. 4. Po- 
land. 5. Denmark. G. Austria. 7. Switzerland. 

Second Course. (What was said of Arabia.^ Of Turkey? 
What ocean, seas, gulfs, and straits, touch Arabia? How are the 
principal towns of Arabia situated? How those of Turkey? Which 
way is Jerusalem from New York? From Bogota? From London? 
What waters would you sail through in going from Bagdad to Cin- 
cinnati ? Astoria, in the Oregon Territory? Monte Video? Ban- 
gor ?) 


LESSON L. 

PERSIA AND INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 


PERSIA. 

Boundaries* Persia is bounded north by R., the C. Sea, 
and I. T., east by H., A., and B., south by the P. Gulf, west 
by T. 

River. The Tigris. 


ASIA. 


109 


Mountains, A continuation of the Taurus chain. Salt 
Desert. 

Productions, Grains, tropical fruit, cotton, rice, to- 
bacco, wines, silks, and drugs. 

Capital and Chief Towns, Teheran is the capital. It 
is situated on a dreary plain, but has some manufacturing 
interests. The Royal Palace is splendid. Population, 
100 , 000 . 

Ispahan is but a shadow of its former splendor. It has 
still an extensive trade, and abounds in monuments of an- 
cient grandeur. Population, 180,000. 

Government. Absolute monarchy. (See Turkey.) 

Religion. (See Arabia.) 

Education and Blorals. The state of general education 
is good. 

Remarks. Persia was once the seat of powerful empires. 
The surface is uneven, sandy, and barren. The Persians are 
fond of show, deceitful, gay, and polite. Mines of iron, copper, 
lead, and quarries of excellent marble, are found here. 


INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 


' Boundaries. Independent Tartary is bounded north by 
R., east by the C. empire, south by H. and P., west by the 
C. Sea. 

Rivers. The Jihon and Sihon. 

Mountains. The Altai chain. 

Productions. But little attention is paid to agriculture. 
The inhabitants lead, for the most part, a wandering life. 

Chief Towns. Bukharia has 360 mosques and 60 col- 
leges. It is the seat of Mahometan learning. Its manu- 
factures and commerce are extensive. Population, 80,000. 

Samarcand, the former capital of the empire of Tamer- 
lane, is a place of great business and commerce. Popula- 
tion, 55,000. 

Government. (See Arabia.) 

Religion. (See Arabia.) 

10 


110 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Education and Morals, (See Arabia.) The mass of the 
people are illiterate and vicious. 

Remarks. This country, as is well known, was once the 
seat of powerful empires. The climate is agreeable. The in- 
habitants lead a wandering and predatory life. Some parts of 
this country are described as being very fertile and populous. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Persia bounded ? 2. What are the 
rivers ? 3. What are the mountains? 4. What are the capital and 
chief towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State 
of education and morals ? 8. How is Independent Tartary bounded ? 

9. What are its rivers? 10. Mountains? II. Chief towns? 
12. What is the government? 13. Religion? 14. Education and 
morals ? 

Review the first six lessons of Part I. 

Second Course. (What was said of Persia? Of Independent 
Tarlary ? What countries in Europe, and states in America, have 
about the same latitude with Independent Tartary? What sea and 
lake are here? Into what do the rivers of Tartary flow ? Which 
way is Teheran from London ? Boston ? Bogota ? Into what does 
the Tigris flow ? What town upon it .^) 




LESSON LI. 


AFGHANISTAN, HERAT, AND BELOOCHISTAN. 

AFGHANISTAN. 

Boundaries, Afghanistan is bounded north by H. and 
I. T., east by C. and H., south by B., west by P. 

River, The Indus. 

Blount ains. The Himmaleh Mountains. 

Productions, (See Persia.) 

Capital and Chief Towns, Cabul is regarded as the 
capital. It is well built — has a fine climate and consider- 
able trade. Population, 70,000. 


ASIA. 


Ill 


Candahar has 100,000 inhabitants. 

Ghizni has about 8,000 inhabitants. 

Government, Each tribe maintains a separate govern- 
ment, which is substantially republican. The emperor 
or king of the Afghans exercises no power over the tribes, 
except to nominate their chiefs. 

Religion, (See Arabia.) 

Education and Morals, (See Persia.) Nearly all are 
taught to read and write. 

Remarks. Afghanistan resembles Persia in respect to its 
surface, soil, and climate. It is a new kingdom, comprising what 
was once called East Persia. The Afghans are bold, fond of 
sports, and of hunting. They are courteous and hospitable. 


‘ ■ HERAT. 

Boundaries, Herat is bounded north by I. T., south- 
east by A., west by P. 

Productions, (See Afghanistan.) 

Chief Towns, Herat is a commercial and flourishing 
town. Population, 100,000. 

Balk is an important place. 

Government, (See Afghanistan.) 

Religion, (See Arabia.) 

Education and Morals, (See Afghanistan.) 

BELOOCHISTAN. 

Boundaries, Beloochistan is bounded north by A., east 
by H., south by the A. Sea, west by P. 

River, The Indus. 

Productions. But little attention is paid to agriculture. 
The inhabitants subsist mostly by hunting and plunder. 

Chief Towns, Kelat is the seat of the sedar. It has 
20,000 inhabitants. 

Gundava is well built, and has 17,000 inhabitants. 


112 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


Government. (See Afghanistan.) 

Religion. (See Arabia.) 

Education and Morals. (See Arabia.) 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Afghanistan bounded } 2. What river t 
3. What are the mountains ? 4. Productions 5. What are the 
chief towns 6. What is the government 7. Religion 8. State 
of education and morals? 9. How is Herat bounded? 10. What 
are the productions? 11. Chief towns? 12. What is the govern- 
ment? 13. Religion? 14. Education and morals? 15. How is 
Beloochistan bounded ? 16. What river? 17. What are the chief 
towns ? 18. What is the government ? 19. Religion ? 20. State 
of education and morals ? 

Review the last six lessons of Part 1. 

Second Course. (What was said of Afghanistan ? Which way 
is Cabul from Berlin ? From Boston ? From La Plata? Into what 
does the Indus flow .^) 


LESSON LII. 

HINDOOSTAN AND FARTHER INDIA. 

HINDOOSTAN. 

Boundaries. Hindoostan is bounded north-east by the C. 
empire, south-east by F. I. and the Bay of B., south-west 
by the A. Sea, north-west by B. and A. 

R ivers. The Indus and Ganges. 

Mountains. The Himmaleh Mountains. 

Productions. Cotton, cocoa, rice, sugar, opium, silks. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Calcutta, the capital of Ben- 
gal, is one of the largest commercial cities in Asia. It has 
great splendor. Population, 600,000. 

Delhi, once a splendid city, is now much reduced. 

Dacca has 200,000 inhabitants. 

Government. (See Arabia.) The chiefs possess des- 


ASIA. 


113 


potic power. The British East India Company has a 
commercial and political control over this vast territory. 
Its agents are responsible to the crown. 

Religion. The religion of the Hindoos is paganism. 
Their sacred books are called Shastcrs. Their priests are 
called Brahmins. They worship deified heroes, and a great 
variety of gods. 

Education and Morals. Poor. Society exists here in 
four distinct castes. The lowest caste are held in ignorance, 
poverty, and servitude. The next caste conduct the busi- 
ness and commercial transactions. The caste next higher 
hold the civil and military offices. The highest caste in- 
clude the learned men and the priests. 

Remarks. The soil here is good; the climate excellent. 
The banian tree is a great curiosity. The branches extend to 
the earth, to which they become attached by new roots, and from 
these other trunks are formed. One tree often forms a large 
grove. Iron, copper, and diamonds, are obtained here. 


FARTHER INDIA. 

Boundaries. Farther India is bounded north by the C.' 
empire, east by the C. Sea, south by the C. Sea and the 
Strait of Malacca, west by the Bay of B. and H. 

Rivers. The Irawaddy and Cambodia. 

Productions. (See Hindoostan.) 

Chief Towns. Ava abounds in heathen temples. The 
population is 100,000. Hue has 100,000 ; Bankok, 90,000 ; 
Umerapoora, 30,000 inhabitants. 

Government. This vast country is divided into several 
provinces, each maintaining a separate government. The 

British East India Company holds possessions here 

Religion. (See Hindoostan.) 

Education and Morals. (See Hindoostan.) 

Remarks. This region includes the Birman empire, Siam, 
Malacca, Cambodia, Cochin-China, and other provinces. But little 
is known of this country. Its minerals are gold, silver, tin, iron, 
copper, and precious stones. 

10 * 


114 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Hindoostan bounded ? 2. What are 
the rivers.? 3. Productions.? 4. Chief towns.? 5. What is the 

f overnment .? 6. Religion .? 7. Education and morals .? 8. How is 

arther India bounded.? 9. What are the rivers.? 10. Produc- 
tions.? 31. Chief towns.? 12. What is the government.? 13. Re- 
ligion.? 14. Education and morals .? 

Review. Describe, 1. Maine. 2. New Hampshire. 3. Vermont. 
4. Massachusetts. 5. Rhode Island. 6. Connecticut. 7. New 
York. 8. New Jersey. 9. Delaware. 10. Maryland. 11. Penn- 
sylvania. 12. Ohio. 13. Michigan. 

Second Course. (What was said in reference to Hindoostan .? 
Name the different provinces of Farther India. Their capitals. 
What island near Hindoostan .? What large islands south of Farther 
India .? What sea, bay, and straits, touch this country .?) 


♦ 


LESSON LIII. 

CHINESE AND JAPAN EMPIRES. 
CHINESE EMPIRE. 


Thibet and Chinese Tartary are included in this empire. 

Boundaries. This empire is bounded north by S., east 
by the Sea of J., the Y. Sea, and the P. Ocean, south by 
F. I. and H., west by I. T. and A. 

Rivers. The Amour, Hoang-Ho, and the Kiang-Ku. 
Mountains. The Altai and Himmaleh. 

Productions. Tea, camphor, rice, and tropical fruits. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Pekin, the capital, is one of 
the largest cities on the globe. It has not, however, the 
beauty, splendor, and commerce, of most European cities. 
Population, 1,500,000. 

Canton is less populous, but more splendid, than Pekin. 
Population, 1,000,000. 

Nankin has 500,000 inhabitants. 

Government. A patriarchal or limited monarchy. 


115 


ASIA. 


The emperor is styled the Son of Heaven/’ and exercises 
a sort of paternal control over his subjects. 

Religion. Boodhism, which is but another development 
of Hindooism, or the religion of the Bramins. The higher 
and better educated classes, however, profess the religion 
or philosophy of Confucius. 

Education and Morals. The arts and sciences are, to 
some extent, cultivated here. Poetry, geography, history, 
mathematics, and painting, are attended to by the higher 
classes ; but general education and morality are in a 
wretched state. 

Remarks. China is supposed to contain between 3 and 
400,000,000 inliabitants. It contains over 4,000 walled cities. 
The “Chinese Wall” is one of the most stupendous works ever 
performed by man. It is 1,500 miles in length, 30 feet high, 15 
broad. The Imperial Canal is 1,400 miles in length. 


JAPAN EMPIRE. 


Japan consists of several islands lying between the P. 
Ocean and the Sea of J. 

Productions. Rice, grain, tobacco, and tropical fruits. 

Capital and Chief Towns. Jeddo, the capital, is one of 
the largest and most populous cities in the world. The 
Imperial Palace is a magnificent structure. Population, 
1,300,000. 

Meaco is noted for its literature and manufactures. Pop- 
ulation, 500,000. 

Government. Absolute monarchy. 

Religion. Various kinds of paganism. The religion of 
Sinto, the doctrines of Confucius, and Boodhism, have their 
devotees here. 

State of Education and Morals. Good. The children 
are well educated and governed. 

Remarks. The Japanese are the most civilized and refined 
nation in Asia. Their commercial intercourse is restricted to a 
very few nations. The soil and climate eire good. 


U6 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA. 


_ ■>. 

This vast region lies between the Chinese empire and 
the A. Ocean, embracing nearly one half of the territory 
of Asia. This region abounds in wild animals of almost 
all kinds. These animals yield fine furs. Almost all kinds 
of minerals and precious stones abound here. The inhab- 
itants are mostly uncivilized. They are subject to the 
Russian government. The religion is Mahometanism, 
Greek Church, and paganism. 

Rivers and mountains are numerous. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is China bounded? 2. What are the 
rivers ? 3. Mountains ? 4. What are the capital and chief towns ? 

5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of education 
and morals? 8. Where does Japan lie ? 9. What are the produc- 
tions ? 10. Capital and chief towns? 11. What is the government ? 

12. Religion ? 13. State of education and morals? 14. Where does 

Siberia lie ? 15. With what does it abound ? 16. What is said of 

the inhabitants ? 

Review. Describe, 1. Indiana. 2. Illinois. 3. Missouri. 4. Ar- 
kansas. 5. Kentucky. 6. Tennessee. 7. Virginia. 8. North 
Carolina. 9. South Carolina. 10. Georgia. 

Second Course. (What was said of China ? Of Japan? What 
seas on the coast of the Pacific in Asia ? What islands ? What 
deserts in China ? What rivers in Siberia ? What is their course ? 
Their length ? What oceans, seas, straits, lake, and peninsula, touch 
Siberia ? What are the divisions of the Chinese empire ?) 


♦ 


LESSON LIV. 


AFRICA. 

Boundaries. Africa is bounded north by the M. Sea, 
east by the R. Sea and I. Ocean, south by the S. Ocean, 
west by the A. Ocean. 


AFRICA. 


117 


Islands, Madagascar, St. Helena, St. Thomas, Canary 
Isles, and the islands of the M. Sea. 

Capes. Guardafui, Corrientes, Cape of Good Hope, 
Cape Palmas, and Cape Verd, 

Isthmus of Suez. 

Mountains. Mountains of the Moon, and Mt. Atlas. 

Desert. The Desert of Sahara. 

Seas. Red and Mediterranean Seas. 

Gulf Guinea. 

Channel and Straits. Mozambique Channel, and the 
Straits of Babelmandel and Gibraltar. 

Rivers. The Nile and branches. Orange, Congo, Niger, 
Gambia, and Senegal. 

Minerals. Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and salt. 

Divisions. Africa is divided into B. S., E., N., A., Eastern 
A., Southern A., Western A., Central A., and the Great 
Desert. 

Inhabitants . Africa is inhabited mostly by the Negro 
race. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Africa bounded? 2. What islands 
near? 3. Capes? 4. Isthmus? 5. Mountains? 6. Desert? 
7. Seas? 8. Gulf? 9. Channel and straits? 10. What lakes? 
II. Rivers? 12. What minerals? 13. What divisions? 14. By 
whom is Africa inhabited ? 

Review Lessons XIII., XXXIL, XXX VII., and XLVII. 




LESSON LV. 

EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. 

EGYPT. 

Boundaries. Egypt is bounded north by the M. Sea, 
east by A. and the R. Sea, south by N., west by B. and the 
Great Desert. 


118 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


River, The Nile. 

Productions. Cotton, sugar, indigo, rice, grains. (See 
Mexico.) 

Capital and Chief Towns, Cairo is the capital. It is 
irregularly built. The houses are mostly small, and con- 
structed of mud. It has an extensive traffic with Asia and 
Africa by caravans. Population, 300,000. 

Alexandria is but a shadow of its former splendor. Here 
are Pompey’s Pillar, a splendid Obelisk, and the Catacombs. 
Population, once 600,000, is now but 25,000. 

Damietta has 25,000 inhabitants. 

Government, Egypt is nominally dependent on Turkey. 

Religion, (See Arabia.) 

State of Education and Morals, Low. The mass of 
the people are sunk in ignorance. 

Remarks. Egypt was anciently styled the birthplace of 
the sciences and ffie arts ; but the scale has turned. The relics 
of ancient grandeur and power still remain. The Pyramids, 
Catacombs, and other works of art, are stupendous. The Nile is 
the source of fertility to this country. It overflows a wide region 
regularly every year. In the dry season, — for it seldom rains here, 

the land js watered by canals from the Nile^ and by heavy dews, 

. *• . V’’ /• C* js .j- *, •'.'‘Tj • , 

*- • • « ■. • *T, . * . 

NUBIA. ^ ^ 

Boundaries, Nubia is bounded north by E., east by the 
R. Sea, south by A., west by the Great Desert. 

Rivers, The Nile and its branches. 

Mountains, The Mountains of the Moon. 

Productions, Tropical fruits, gums, and some grain. 

Chief Towns, Sennaar was once a place of note. It is 
now a mass of huts and cabins. Population, 10,000. 

Suakim is one of the great slave marts, and has 8,000 
inhabitants. 

Dongola, once the largest city in Nubia, is now reduced 
to a few hundred inhabitants. 

Government. (See Arabia.) 

Religion. Mahometan and Pagan. 


AFRICA. 


119 


State of Education and Morals, Poor. Learning and 
refinement are generally neglected. 

Remarks. Sennaar and Dongola are the principal states into 
which this country is divided. A destructive wind from the 
desert, called the Simoom^ is often felt here. When inhaled, it 
causes instant death. Nubia abounds in magnificent ruins. 
Gold and other metals are found here. 


ABYSSINIA. 

Boundaries, Abyssinia is bounded north by N., east by 
the R. Sea and Strait of B., south by A., west by the 
unexplored regions. 

Rivers. The branches of the Nile. 

Blountains, The Mountains of the Moon. 

Productions, (See Nubia.) They manufacture iron 
and brass. 

Chief Towns, Gondar has over 30,000 inhabitants. 

Axum is a place of some note. 

Government. (See Arabia.) 

Religion. (See Greece.) Heathenism, in some parts, 
prevails. 

Education and Morals, (See Arabia.) 

Remarks. This country was anciently called Ethiopia, The 
Abyssinians are an ignorant and barbarous people. The country 
is rich in minerals. The soil and climate are good. 


QUESTIONS. 1. How is Egypt bounded ^ 2. What river ? 

3. What are the productions ? 4. What are the capital and chief 

towns ? 5. What is the government ? 6. Religion ? 7. State of 
education and morals ^ 8. How is Nubia bounded ? 9. What rivers ? 

10. Mountains.^ 11. What. are the chief towns? 12. What is the 
irovernment ? 13. Religion? 14. State of education and morals? 

I5. How is Abyssinia bounded? 16. What river ? 17. Productions ? 
18. Mountains? 19. What are the chief towns? 20. What is the 
government? 21. Religion? 22. State of education and morals ? 

Review each country in Asia. 

Second Course. (What was said of Egypt ? Of Nubia? Abys- 
sinia? What isthmus mins Egypt with Asia? What sea and strait 


120 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


near Nubia ? Which way is Cairo from New York ? Potosi ? From 
Liverpool? From Pekin? What waters would you sail through in 
going from Dongola to Quebec? To Albany? Monte Video? 
London? St. Petersburg?) 




LESSON LVI. 
TPIE BARB.VPtY STATES. 


These are several states lying upon the Mediterrane- 
an Sea. 

Barca is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by E., south 
by the Great Desert, and west by T. 

Tripoli is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by B., south 
by the G. D., west by T. 

Tunis is bounded north by the M. Sea, east by T., south 
by the G. D., west by A. 

Algiers is bounded north by the ]\I. Sea, east by T., 
south by the G. D., west by M. 

Morocco is bounded north by the Strait of G., east by 
A., south by the G. D., west by the A. Ocean. 

Fez is a province of Morocco. 

liivers. None of note. 

Mountains, The Atlas chain. 

Productions. Sugar, cotton, grain, beans, lentiles, and 
tropical fruits. 

Capitals. Derne is the capital of Barca. Tripoli is the 
capital of Tripoli. Tunis is the capital of Tunis. Algiers 
is the capital of Algiers. Morocco is the capital of Mo- 
rocco. 

Government. Each state has a separate government. 
The power of the prince is absolute, except in Algiers, 
which is subject to France. 

Religion. (See Arabia.) 

State of Education and Morals. These are in a wretch- 
ed condition. 


AFRICA. 


121 


Remarks. These states were anciently known as the seats 
of powerful empires. The climate here is very fine. The inhabit- 
ants are warlike and piratical. This coast is infested with fero- 
cious animals and numberless insects. The lion is found here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. How is Barca bounded.? 2. llow is Tripoli 
bounded ? 3. Tunis ? 4. Algiers ? 5. Morocco ? 6. What chain 
of mountains in these states .? 7. What are the productions of these 

states.? 8. What are the capitals.? 9. What is the government? 
10. The religion? 11. State of education and morals .? 

Review each country in Europe. 

Second Course. (What is said of these states .? How are the 
capitals situated .? Mention the chief towns. Where are they sit- 
uated ?) 



LESSON LVII. 

TOE GREAT DESERT, CENTRAL AND WESTEkN 

AFRICA. 

THE GREAT DESERT. 

The Great Desert lies between the Barbary States and 
Central Africa. It is a vast sea of moving sand, inter- 
spersed with islands or oases of verdant lands. These 
deserts are traversed by caravans, and are inhabited by a 
fierce, predatory, and unsubdued race of men. 

Fezzan is an oasis that lies south of Tripoli. Mourzouk, 
the capital, is the centre of the caravan trade in Africa. 


CENTRAL AFRICA, OR NIGRITIA. 

This country lies between the Great Desert and the 
Mountains of the Moon. It is divided into several distinct 
governments. Darfour is the most easterly, Bambarra the 

11 


122 


PAIITICULAR VIEW. 


most westerly. Between them are Tiinbuctoo, Bergoo, 
Houssa, Bornou, and other minor states. 

Rivers. The Niarer and its branches. 

O 

Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. 

Productions. Cotton, lotus, sugar-cane, rice, grain, and 
tropical fruits. 

Towns. Sego, the capital of Bambarra, has 20,000 in- 
habitants. 

Tiinbuctoo, the capital of a state of this name, is a 
commercial place, situated on the desert. Population, 
15,000. 

Sackatoo is a place of much business. Kouka, Kobbe, 
Kashna, are each considerable towns. 

Government. Independent chiefs. The princes exer- 
cise an arbitrary, though some of them a patriarchal, power 
over their subjects. 

Redig ion. Mahometan and pagan. 

Education and Morals. In a neijlected state. 

Remarks. But little is known of this vast region. The un- 
healthiness of the climate, the barbarous character of the natives, 
together with the danger arising from ferocious animals and 
poisonous insects that infest this country, render it. very haz- 
ardous for foreigners to traverse these regions. Important dis- 
coveries have, however, been made recent'y in this country, by 
which the source ard mouth of the Niger, the situation of several 
cities, the quality of the soil, and the character of the inhabitants, 
are ascertained. The land is fertile, but much neglected. Ivory, 
gold, and other minerals, are found here. A large traffic in slaves 
is carried on. 


WESTERN AFRICA. 

• I 

This country lies on the coast, between the Great Desert 
and Southern Africa. It embraces Sene-Gambia, Sierra 
Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela. 
Sierra Leone is an English colony, and Liberia an American 
colony. These colonies are made up mostly of emanci- 
pated slaves and free negroes from England and America. 

R ivers. The Niger and its branches, and the Senegal. 

Mountains. The Mountains of the Moon. 


AFRICA. 


123 


Productions, (See Nigritia.) 

Towns, Monrovia, Teemboo, Coomassic, Benin, and 
Dahomey. 

Government, (See Nigritia.) 

Religion, Paganism and Mahometanism. 

Education and Morals, But very little attention is paid 
to either. The people are timid, supine, and indolent. 

Remarks. This country lies along upon the Atlantic coast, ex- 
tending from the Great Desert nearly to Cape Good Hope. It is the 
theatre of the African slave trade, (chiefs often wage war upon 
'each other, for the purpose of obtaining captives to sell into 
slavery. Gold, ivory, and valuable gums, are abundant here. 

QUESTIONS. 1. Where does the Great Desert lie .? 2. What is 
said of it 3. What is said of Fezzan 4. What is the capital? 
5. Where does Central Africa lie ^ 6. Mention the several prov- 
inces. 7. What rivers ? 8. What mountains ? 9. Productions ? 

10. What are the towns? II. Wliat is the rroverninent ? 12. Re- 

ligion ? 13. Education and morals? 14. Where does Western 

Africa lie ? 15. What provinces does it embrace ? 16. What col- 
onies ? 17. What is said of them? 18. Wliat rivers? 19. What 

mountains? 20. Productions? 21. Towns? 22. What is the gov- 
ernment ? 23. Religion ? 24. Education and morals ? 

Review each country in Asia. 

Second Course. (What was said of Central Africa? Of Western 
Africa ? Mention the provinces of each, in course. The chief towns 
of each, in course.) 


I.ESSON LVIII. 

SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICA. 

SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

South Africa lies between the Atlantic and the Indian 
Oceans, in the southern-extremity of Africa. In the north- 
west part of this region are Cimbebas and the country of 


124 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


the Hottentots ; in the southern extremity, Cape Colony ; 
and in the norih-eavStern, Calfraria. 

River. The Orange. 

Mountains. Table Mountains. 

, Productions. Wheat, barley, corn, hemp, flax. 

Chief Towns, The principal towns are Lattakoo, Kur- 
reechane, and Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony. 

Government. Cape Colony is subject to the British 
crown. The other countries have no government except 
that of independent chiefs. 

Religion. Cape Colony is settled mostly by Europeans, 
who are Protestants. They have planted a number of 
missionary stations among the Hottentots, Caffres, and the 
surrounding people, who are sunk generally to the lowest 
degree of degradation. 

Education and Morals. These are very much neglected 
in the English province, and wholly so in the other parts. 

Remarks. Cape Colony is owned by the English. There are 
English and Dutch settlements here. It is a convenient stopping- 
place for ships on their voyages to the East Indies. The land is 
excellent, and the climate a^eeable. The Hottentots are a de- 
graded race of beings, living in most respects like the brutes. 
Missionary efforts here, however, have met with remarkable 
success. 


EASTERN AFRICA. 

This country lies between South Africa and Abyssinia, 
upon the Indian Ocean. 

Monornotapa lies between South Africa and Mozambique, 
on the coast of the Indian Ocean. 

Mozambique lies farther north, on the channel of that 
name. 

Zanguebar lies still farther north, on the coast. 

Adel and Ajan lie between Abyssinia and the Indian 
Ocean. 

Productions. Drugs, oil, pepper, frankincense, and some 
grains. 

Towns. Magadoxo is the capital of the province of that 
name, which is a part of Zanguebar. 


AFRICA. 


125 


Melinda, Mozambique, and Sofala, all situated on the 
coast, are the principal towns. 

Government. (See Nigritia.) 

Religion. In the northern part, the inhabitants are Ma- 
hometans; in the southern, they have no settled religion 
or law. 

Education and Morals. These are in a wretched state. 

Remarks. Very little is known of this portion of Africa. The 
inhabitants are exceedingly degraded. Valuable gums, feathers, 
ivory, gold, nuts, sugar, and slaves, are the principal articles of 
traffic. 


QUESTIONS. 1. Where does Southern Africa lie.^ 2. What is 
the principal river 3. What are the mountains.^ 4. Productions.^ 
6. Towns 6. What is the government.^ 7. Religion.^ 8. State 
of education and morals.^ 9. Where does Eastern Africa lie.^ 
10. Mention the countries in order. 11. What are the productions.^ 
12. Towns 13. What is the government.^ 14. Religion ^ 15. State 

uf education and morals.^ 

Review each country in Africa. 

Second Course. (What was said of Southern Africa.^ Of East- 
ern Africa.^ What cape south of Africa ? Of Madagascar? What 
lake in this region .^) 


LESSON LIX. 
OCEANICA. 


Under this head are included, 1. Malay sia^ embracing 
the islands between Asia and Australia ; 2. AzistraU 
asiay embracing Australia and the contiguous islands ; 
?K Polynesia^ embracing the other groups of islands in tha 
Pacific Ocean. 

These islands are for the most part in a state of uncivil- 
ization. The inhabitants generally lead a predatory and 
rovincr life, without the reslrainls of law or religion. As a 


126 


PARTICULAR VIEW. 


race, they are peculiar in form, features, and color. There 
are peculiarities even in the animal and vegetable king- 
doms. Nature seems to have changed her order in these 
vast islands. In some parts of Australia, civilization 
has commenced its work. England has possessions and 
colonies there, and a place of banishment for her crim- 
inals. The productions are valuable woods, spices, dye- 
stuffs, and the most excellent fruits. Schools and mission- 
ary stations have been established in some of these islands ; 
and great advancement has been made, especially in the 
Sandwich and Society Islands, in civilization and in moral 
and religious improvement. These islands abound in vol- 
canoes. 


QUESTIONS. 1. What islands does Oceanica embrace ? 2. What 
is said of the inhabitants.^ 3. In what are they peculiar ? 4. What 
is said of New Holland ? 5. What interests have the English there ? 

6. What are the productions ? 7. What is said of the schools and 

missionary stations ? 8. With what do these islands abound ? 

Review Africa. 

Second Course. (Which way is each island, embraced under this 
name, from New Holland.^ What is the climate of New Zealand.^ 
Of the Sandwich Islands.^ What towns in New Holland.^ What 
gulf and straits touch this island ?) 


♦ 


L.ESSON L.X. 


QUESTIONS. 1. What is an empire ? 2. A confederacy ? 

3. A republic ? 4. A monarchy ? 5. A limited monarchy ? 6. An 

absolute monarchy ? 7 . Describe Popery. 8. Protestantism. 9. The 
Greek Church. 10. Mahometanism. 11. Paganism. 12. Mention 
all those countries where the state of education and morals is good. 
13. Middling. 14. Poor. 15. Neglected wholly. 16. Mention 
those countries whose productions are cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar, 
coffee, or that have, in general, this class of productions. 17. Men- 
tion those that produce wheat, grain, beef, butter, &c. 18. Furs, 
timber, &c. 


(QUESTIONS. 


127 


LESSON LX I. 


QUESTIONS. 1. Mention those countries that are empires. 
2. Confederacies. 3. Republics. 4. Monarchies. 5. Dependencies. 
6. Those that are governed by chiefs. 7. Mention those countries 
whose religion is Protestant. 8. Roman Catholic. 9. Greek 
Church. 10. Mahometanism. 11. Paganism. 12. Mention the 

• o 

ten longest rivers in the world. 13. The ten next in length. 14. The 
ten next. 15. The next ten. 16. Mention the five principal chains 
of mountains. 17. The five next in importance. 18. The next five. 
— The teacher can extend questions of this kind to any length. 


GEOGEAPHY. 

PART III. 

. MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


LESSON I. 

THE DIFFERENT RACES OF MEN. 

The human family form, in fact, but one species. But 
custom, climate, or other circumstances and providences, 
have conspired to divide the human family into distinct 
races. These races of men have been variously classified. 
The most philosophical classification is, probably, the foi- 

lowinor : — 

® ' 

1st. The Caucasian llaccy having the head and the 

general form well proportioned, and the skin white. 

/ 

2d. The Mongolian Race, having the head nearly square, 
the cheek bones prominent, the face broad and flattened, 
and the skin tawny. 

3d. The American RacCy having the cheek bones high, 
the forehead low, the face broad, the eyes sunken, and the 
skin a reddish yellow. 

4th. The Malay RacCy having the features of the two 
preceding races, with the forehead slightly arched, the 
upper jaw projecting, and the skin a deep brown. 

5th. The Negro RacCy having the head narrow, the fore- 
head convex, the nostrils wide and flat, the jaws length- 
ened, the lips thick, and the skin black. 


HISTORY. 


129 


The Caucasian or white race includes most of the Eu- 
ropean and American nations ; also, the Turks, Arabians, 
Hindoos, Persians, Circassians, Georgians, Jews, Moors, 
and some other less important nations. 

The Mongolian race includes most of the inhabitants of 
Eastern Asia; viz., the Chinese, Japanese, Birmese, and 
some other nations in the north of Europe and America. 

The Malay race inhabits the peninsula of Malacca, Cey- 
lon, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. 

The Ethiopian or Negra race is found mostly in Africa. 

The American race includes the aboriginal inhabitants 
of North and South America, and some others. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of the human family How do 
they now exist ? Describe the Caucasian race. The Mongolian 
race. The American race. The Malay race. The Negro race. 
What nations does the Caucasian race include What the Mongo- 
lian race What countries do the Malays inhabit? Where is lha 
Ethiopian race found ? Where the American race ? 




LESSON II- 
COxNDITIONS OF SOCIETY. 

The races of men are found in a savage, half-civilized, 
civilized, or enlightened state. 

Those in the savage state lead wandering lives, and sub- 
sist mostly upon fishing and hunting. In this state, society 
is found in its rudest elements. Education is neglected, 
morals are corrupt, and the salutary influences of social 
life are but little felt. Government, if it exists at all, is 
found in its loosest forms ; and the reliction is that of hea- 
thenism. 

The half-civilized state is an advance from the savage 
toward the civilized state. Those who are found in this 
state attend somewhat to the cultivation of the land, to 
learning and the arts. Still, they are generally in a de- 


130 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


graded state, without liberal forms of government or salu- 
tary systems of religion. 

Most of the Mongolian race mav be said to be in this 
state ; also, the inliabitants of North Africa, Arabia, 
Hindoostan, and a large part of the Turkish and Russian 
empires. 

The civilized state is where government, education, and 
morals, are in an improved condition. In civilized society, 
the physical resources of the country are developed ; civil 
and social order prevails, and intellectual and moral culture 
are attended to. This state of society exists sometimes 
where the inhabitants are in a state of heathenism. This 
was the condition of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and 
Romans. At present, France in general, Denmark, parts 
of Russia, Mexico, and Chili, are in this state. 

The enlightened state includes all that has been said in 
respect to the civilized state of society, and also the general 
prevalence of the Christian religion. In this state, religion 
controls, in a measure, all the other forms and influences of 
society. This state of things is mostly future. Commu- 
nities have, however, existed in this state. There is an ap- 
proximation toward it now in parts of North America and 
Europe, and even in the islands of the sea, where, but a few 
years ago, the savage state prevailed. 

It may be observed here that the Caucasian or white 
race stands decidedly at the head of the different races. 

They are superior in the arts of civilization, in physical 
enterprise, and in personal beauty and symmetry, and also 
in intellectual and moral improvement. 


. LANGUAGES. 

The various races of men speak nearly 2,000 different 
lan(Tua<Tes and dialects. 

Attempts have been made to classify these numerous lan- 
guages ; those being made to form distinct classes whose 
roots, structure, and laws, have a resemblance to each other. 

The prevailing languages now in use are the Chinese, 


HISTORY. 


131 


Arabic, Persian, Turkish, French, German, English, Span- 
ish, Portuguese, Russian, Malay, Latin, and Greek. 

QUESTIONS. In what condition are the different races found ? 
Describe briefly the savage state. The half-civilized state. What 
nations are found in this state ? Describe the civilized state. What 
ancient and modern nations in this condition ? Describe the enlight- 
ened state. Where have advances been made toward this condition? 
What is said of the Caucasian race ? 

How many languages do the above races speak ? What principle 
of classification has been adopted ? Mention tlie prevailing lan- 
guages. 

Review Lesson I. 


— — ❖ 

A BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW 


OF 

THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND STATES ON THE GLOBE. 


WORTH JLMHR20A. 
UNITED STATES. 

JLESSON III, 


The United States were probably once inhabited by a 
partly-civilized race of men. This appears from the va- 
rious relics of civilization and art that are found in dif- 
ferent parts of the country. This race of men is now 
probably extinct, or lost in other races. When this conti- 
nent was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, it was inhabit- 
ed by the American race, generally in a savage state. It was 
soon visited and possessed by other European adventurers, 
before whom the natives fled, or were destroyed, till at 
length the country on the Atlantic side became British 


132 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


colonies. This state of things remained, under various 
modifications, until the year 1776, when the colonies, hav- 
ing suffered much from British oppression, declared them- 
selves free and independent states. After a bloody war 
of about seven years, the independence of the states was 
acknowledged by Great Britain. After various attempts 
and difficulties, the confederated form of government, 
under which we now live, was established. Since that 
time, we have encountered another successful struggle with 
Great Britain, growing out of a denial of the “ right of 
search,” on our part, and depredations committed upon our 
commerce. VVe have also carried on several wars with the 
Indians. Our country, from the beginning, has had a rapid 
growth and unrivalled prosperity. 


MAINE. 

The first permanent settlement was made at Saco — some 
say York — in 1623. 3'his colony was placed under the ju- 
risdiction of Massachusetts about 1650. In 1820, it became 
an independent state. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

The first settlement of this state was made at Dover, in 
1623. For more than a century, the jurisdiction of this 
province was lluctuating. Several times it was a province 
of Massachusetts, and as often an independent colony. 
Since 1741, it has been a separate government. 


QUESTIONS. What evidence is there that the United States 
were anciently inhabited,^ What took place in 1492 What race 
then inhabited this country ? What took place soon after ^ What 
did the provinces at length become.^ What took place in 1776.* 
What followed ^ What form of government was finally established .* 
What was the cause of the last war with Great Britain ^ What 
other wars have been waged ^ What else is said of our country .* 

When and where was Maine first settled.* Under whose jurisdic- 
tion was it placed .* What took place in 1820 .* 

When and where was New Hampshire first settled ? What eiso 
is said of it .* What took place in J741 .* 

Review the two preceding lessons. 


HISTORY. 


133 


LESSON IV. 
VERMONT. 


This state was first settled at Fort Dummer, on the Con- 
necticut, in 1724. The claim to the state was contested 
between New York and New Hampshire. This contest 
was not settled till after the revolutionary war, when the 
colony became independent. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

This state was first settled by the Puritans, in 1620, at 
Plymouth. Massachusetts held a high rank among the 
colonies, took the lead in the revolutionary struggle, and 
has since held a prorqinent rank among the states. 


RHODE ISLAND. 

% 

Rhode Island was first settled by Roger Williams, at 
Providence, in 1636. He was banished from Massachusetts 
for maintaining principles of toleration odious to the Puritans. 
Rhode Island received its former charter from Charles II., 
in 1663. Violent attempts having been recently made to 
change the form of government prescribed in that instru- 
ment, a new constitution has at length been adopted. 


CONNECTICUT. 

This state was first settled at Windsor, in 1633. It 
originally consisted of two colonies, but afterward became 
one. After a long contest, a charter was formed, under 
which the government was administered, until the year 
1818. Since that time, a more liberal constitution has 
been adopted. 


12 


134 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


NEW YORK. 

New Y^ork was first settled at Albany, by the Dutch, in 
1612. After various contests, it became an English colony. 
It remained such till the revolutionary war. New Y^ork 
exceeds either of the other states in population, wealth, 
commerce, and internal improvements. 


NEW JERSEY. 

This state was first settled by the Dutch, in 1624. Af- 
ter various and protracted contests between the Swedes and 
English, this state became an English colony. In 1776, 
the present constitution was formed 


‘ QUESTIONS. When and where was Vermont first settled? 
Between whom was the claim to this state contested ? What took 
place during the war ^ 

When, where, and by whom, was Massachusetts first settled ' 
What else is said of Massachusetts ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Rhode Island first settled ? Why 
was he banished from Massachusetts ? What took place in 1663 . 
What has recently taken place there ? 

Where was Connecticut first settled? What was its former state ? 
What then took place ? What more recently? 

When, where, and by whom, was New York first settled ? What 
did it afterward become ? What else is said of New York ? 

When and by whom was New Jersey first settled ? What after- 
ward took place? When was the present constitution formed ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON V. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 


This state was settled by William Penn, a Friend, at 
Philadelphia, in 1681. He immediately entered into a 


HISTORY. 


135 


treaty with the Indians, and honorably purchased of them 
large tracts of land. For seventy years after, a state of un- 
interrupted harmony existed between this colony and the 
Indians. The present constitution was formed in 1790. 
Philadelphia was the capital of the United States for some 
time. The colonial, and afterward the United States 
congress, held its sessions here till the year 1800. 


DELAWARE. 

This state was first settled at Fort Christiana, in 1637, by 
the Swedes and Finns. It afterward became subject to New 
York ; and in 1682, it was united with Pennsylvania. In 
1701, it became a separate government. The present con- 
stitution was formed in 1831. 


MARYLAND. 


This state was first settled by the Catholics, under Leon- 
ard Calvert, in 1633. This sect, being persecuted in Eng- 
land, like the Puritans, fled for an asylum to this then wil- 
derness country. Baltimore, like Penn, purchased his land 
of the Indians, and lived in peace with them. The Catho- 
•ics, though tolerant to all other sects, soon became the 
victims of persecution. Their rights w^ere restored by 
Charles II. Soon after this, the government was assumed 
by the crown of England ; but in 1716, the rights were re- 
stored to the colony. At the revolution, it became inde- 
pendent, and the present constitution was formed. 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


This District is now the seat of government for the 
United States, and is under its jurisdiction. It is ten miles 
square, and situated on both sides of the Potomac. It was 
ceded to the government by Maryland and Virginia in 
1790, and became the capital in 1800. 


136 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


VIRGINIA. 

This state was first permanently settled by the English, 
at Jamestown, 1607. This colony suffered much from 
famine and war with the Indians. In 1776, it became an 
independent state, and its present constitution, since re- 
vised, was then formed. This state has furnished some of 
the most prominent men of our country, and has filled the 
presidential chair nearly two thirds of the time since the 
government was formed. 


QUESTIONS. When, where, and by whom, was Pennsylvania 
settled? What course did he take with the Indians? What was 
the result of this course? What took place in 1790? What is said 
of Philadelphia ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Delaware settled ? What after- 
ward took place? Vvhat took place in 1682? What in 1701? 
What in 1831 ? 

When and by whom was Maryland first settled ? What is said 
of the Catholics here? What course did Baltimore take? What 
soon befell the Catholics ? What soon followed ? What then took 
place ? When were their rights restored ? 

Of what is the District of Columbia the seat of government ? By 
what states was it ceded to the U. S. ? When did it become the capital ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Virginia settled ? What is said 
of this colony ? What is said of this state ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


I. ESSON VI. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

After several unsuccessful attempts by the English, this 
state was first permanently settled about the year 1650. It 
afterward became a British colony. A constitution was 
formed in 1776, and revised in 1835. 


HISTORY. 


137 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This state was first settled at Fort Royal, in 1670. It 
was formerly united with North Carolina. In 1790, the 
present constitution was formed, and has been twice 
amended since. 


GEORGIA 

Georgia was settled by the English, at Savannah, in 
1732. The colony suffered much from war with the Span- 
iards of Florida. The present constitution was formed 
in 1798. 


ALABAMA. 

This state, ceded to the United States by Spain and 
Georgia, became a territory in 1817, and in 1819 an inde- 
pendent state. Its growth has since been rapid. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

This state was first settled by the French, at Natchez, 
in 1716. Its possession was long disputed by the French, 
Spanish, and English. In 1763, it was ceded to England. 
In 1798, it became a territory, and in 1817 an independ- 
ent state. 

QUESTIONS. When and by whom was North Carolina first 
settled ? What did it afterward become ? What took place 
in 1776.? 

When and by whom was South Carolina first settled.? With what 
state was it united .? What took place in 1790 .? 

When and by whom was Georgia first settled.? What is said of 
this colony .? What took place in 1798 .? 

By what states was Alabama ceded to this government .? What 
took place in 1817 .? What in 1819.? What else is said of it.? 

When, where, and by whom, was Mississippi first settled .? What 
else is said of it .? What took place in 1763 .? What in 1798 .? What 
in 1817.? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

12 * 


138 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


L, ESS O N VII. 

LOUISIANA. 

The first permanent settlement was made at Biloxi Bay, 
in the year 1698. It was afterward ceded to Spain, then 
to France again. In 1803, it was purchased, by the United 
States, of France. In 1812, it was erected into an inde- 
pendent state, and admitted into the Union. 


ARKANSAS. 

This state once formed a part of Louisiana. It was 
afterward included in the territory of Missouri. It be- 
. came a separate territory in 1819, and an independent 
state in 1836. 


TENNESSEE. 

This state was settled by emigrants from North Carolina 
and Virginia, about the year 1765. It was included in 
North Carolina till 1790, when it became a separate terri- 
tory. In 1796, it was admitted into the Union as an inde- 
pendent state. 


KENTUCKY. 

This state was once a part of Virginia. It was first 
settled in 1769. It was admitted into the Union in 1792. 
The present constitution was formed in 1799. 


OHIO. 

This state was settled by the Ohio Company, at Mariet- 
ta, in 1786. The country was much annoyed, at first, by the 
Indians. They were at length subdued by General Wayne. 
It was admitted into the Union, as an independent state, in 
1802. Its growth since has been rapid. 


HISTORY. 


139 


MICHIGAN. 

This state was first settled by the French, about the year 
1650, at Detroit. Soon after, it fell into the hands of the 
British. In 1805, it became a territory, and in 1836, an 
independent state. 

QUESTIONS. When, where, and by whom, was Louisiana first 
settled.^ What changes afterward took place ? What took place in 
1803? What in 1812? 

What is said of Arkansas ? What took place in 1819 ? What 
in 1836 ? 

When and by whom was Tennessee first settled ? What is said 
of its state afterward ? What took place in 1706 ? 

What is said of Kentucky ? What took place in 1792? 

When, where, and by whom, was Ohio first settled ? By whom 
were the Indians subdued? What took place in 1802? What else 
is said of it ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Michigan first settled ? What, 
soon took place ? In 1805 ? In 1836 ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON VIII. 

INDIANA. 

This state was settled by the French, in the early part 
of the last century. About fifty years after, it was ceded 
to the British. In 1800, it became a territory. It after- 
ward suffered greatly from Indian depredations. The 
Indians were finally expelled by General Harrison, in 1811. 
It became a separate state in 1816. 


ILLINOIS. 


The first settlement was made at Kaskaskia, by the 
French, near the end of the seventeenth century. In 1763, 


140 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


this province was ceded to Great Britain. In 1809, it be- 
came a territory, and in 1818, an independent state. 


MISSOURI. 

This state, once a part of Louisiana, was first settled in 
1704, by the French. In 1804, it became a distinct terri- 
tory, and in 1820, an independent state. 


THE TERRITORIES. 

Florida was first settled by the Spaniards. The Indian 
Territory is occupied mostly by tribes of Indians, removed 
from the states by the general government. loica and 
Wisconsin are settled mostly by native Indians. The 

white population, however, is rapidly increasing. The 

Missouri and Oregon Territories are inhabited by native 
Indians. 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


This part of the American continent was very early dis- 
covered by the Europeans. Labrador was discovered by 
Cabot, in 1497. Afterward new adventurers discovered 
other portions. At length the Canadas were ceded by 
France to England, and afterward all the other French 
possessions. In the late war with Great Britain, the United 
States made several unsuccessful invasions upon Canada. 
In 1837, repeated insurrections took place in these prov- 
inces, but were soon checked. 


QUESTIONS. When and by whom was Indiana first settled ? 
What took place afterward? What in 1800? What is also said of 
it? By whom were they expelled ? What occurred in 181G ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Illinois first settled ? What took 
place in 1763 ? In 1809 ? What in 1818 ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Missouri first settled ? Wliat 
took place in 1804 ? In 1820 ? 


HISTORY. 


141 


By whom was Florida first settled ? 

By whom are the Indian Territories occupied ? 

By whom are Iowa and Wisconsin mostly settled ? 

By whom are the Missouri and Oregon Territories mostly in- 
habited ? 

When and by whom was British America first discovered ? What 
took place in 1497 ? What afterward ? What in the seventeenth 
century? What during the last war with England ? In 1837? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON IX. 

Iceland: 


Iceland was settled by emigrants from Norway, in the 
ninth century, and for a long time remained an independ- 
ent nation. About four hundred years after, it became 
subject to Norway. It is now a province of Denmark. 


TEXAS. 

Texas was first settled by the Spaniards, at Bejar, in 
IGSl. About forty years after, a colony from the Canary 
Islands was established here. It was a scene of revolutions 
and changes for more than one hundred years. About 
twenty years since, after the province had been enlarged by 
the government of Mexico, and the population had been 
increased by immigrations from the United States, an at- 
tempt was made, by leading individuals in congress, to ac- 
quire this province ; to which many of the Texans 
warmly responded. But it ultimately failed. Subsequent- 
ly, an insurrection took place, and the Mexican yoke was 
thrown off, and an independent government was formed 
among themselves. They have since sought to be admitted 
into the United States. 


142 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


MEXICO. * \ 

Mexico abounds in the precious metals. Attracted by 
its riches, the Spaniards made invasions upon the natives, 
and subdued them, under Cortes, in 1521. The natives 
were then somewhat advanced in civilization. The coun- 
try remained a Spanish province until 1810. After that, a 
revolution took place, and in 1822 Iturbide declared him- 
self emperor. Another revolution soon took place, which 
resulted in establishing a republican form of government. 
Every thing has since been in a confused and fluctuating 
state. 


GUATIMALA. 

This country also fell a prey to the Spaniards during the 
invasion by Cortes. It became a province of Spain, and 
remained so until 1821. A republican form of government 
has since been established. The present constitution was 
adopted in 1824. 

WEST INDIES. 

There are about forty islands between North and South 
America, that take the name of the West Indies. About 
two thirds of them are under the government of Great 
Britain. Nearly half of the rest belong to France. The 
Dutch have about half as many as the French. Denmark 
has three. Spain has two, Cuba and Porto Rico: these 
are the largest colonial islands. Sweden has one. Hayti 
is an independent republic. Slavery exists in all these 
islands, except in the English and in Hayti. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of Iceland ? To what power did it 
become subject ? To what is it now ? 

When, where, and by whom, was Texas first settled ? What took 
place forty years after.'’ During the next hundred years What 
twenty years since ? Did the project succeed ? What followed ? 
What have they attempted since ? 

With what does Mexico abound ? What occurred in 1521 ? What 
is said of the natives ? How long did they remain a Spanish prov- 


HISTORY. 


143 


ince ? What took place afterward ? What more subsequently ? 
What has been their state since ? 

What is said of Guatimala ? 

Of what is the West Indies composed ? What proportion of them 
belong to the British ? To the French ? The Dutch ? How 
many belong to Denmark ? How many to Spain ? To Sweden ? 
What is Hayti ? What is said of slavery here ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON X. 

SOUTH AMUB.ZOA. 

NEW GRENADA. 


This country formerly belonged to Spain; but, after a 
long and bloody war, it became an independent govern- 
ment. In 1819, New Grenada formed a union with Vene- 
zuela, and since with Quito, under the title of the republic 
of Colombia. This union has since been dissolved, and 
New Grenada is now a distinct republic. 


VENEZUELA. 

This country, also, was formerly a Spanish province. 
Most of the inhabitants are native Americans. They are 
exceedingly ferocious. The present constitution of their 
srovernment is similar to that of New Grenada. 


EQUADOR. 


This republic was once a Spanish colony. After a 
desperate struggle, and a most decisive victory over the 


144 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


Spanish armies, the inhabitants gained their freedom, and 
united with the confederacy of Colombia. This union was 
dissolved in 1830. 


GUIANA, 

This country belongs to the English, Dutch, and French. 
It is inhabited mostly by Indians and Negroes. It was 
formerly a part of Venezuela and Brazil. 


PERU. 

This country was subdued, in the sixteenth century, by 
the Spaniards, under Pizarro. After a sharp contest, the 
Spanish yoke has finally been thrown off. The present 
republic was formed in the year 1821. 


BOLIVIA. 

This country was formerly a Spanish province. In 
1824, the Spanish yoke was thrown off, and soon after- 
ward a republican form of government was established. 

QUESTIONS. To what country did New Grenada belong? 
What afterward took place? What in 1819? What has since 
taken place ? 

What was Venezuela formerly ? What is said of the inhabitants ? 

What was Equador formerly? What afterward took place? 
What in 1830 ? 

To what powers does Guiana belong? By whom is it inhabited ? 

What happened to Peru in the sixteenth century ? What took 
place in 1821 ? 

What was Bolivia formerly ? What took place in 1824 ? What 
followed ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


/ 


HISTORY. 


145 


. LESSON XI. 

BRAZIL. 


Brazil was once a Portuguese colony. It afterward 
became a joint kingdom with Portugal. In 1825, it was 
erected into a separate empire, to be governed by a line 
of sovereigns from the ancient kingdom. This form of 
government has been variously modified since. The ten- 
dencies now are towards republicanism. 


PARAGUAY. 


After various fluctuations, this country declared itself 
independent, in 1813. Soon after this, the government 
fell into the hands of Francia, who claimed the title of dic- 
tator, and exercised arbitrary power. 


UNITED PROVINCES. 


' This country was formerly a Spanish province. About 
the year 1808, a revolt took place, and the Spanish power 
was crushed. Several severe struggles have since been 
encountered, in which the Spaniards were defeated. The 
political condition of this country has since been fluctu- 
ating. It has had several severe contests with other powers. 
Its present form of government is republican. 


CHILI. 

Chili was once a colony of Spain. In 1810, a revolu- 
tion took place. Several years after, a declaration of in- 
dependence was made. In 1827, a republican form of 
government was established. 

13 


146 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


PATAGONIA. 

But little is known of this country. The inhabitants 
have hitherto resisted all attempts made to civilize them, or 
introduce among them the Christian religion. 


QUESTIONS. What was Brazil formerly ? What afterward 
took place ? What followed in 1825 ? What else is said of this 
country ? 

What is said of Paraguay ? Of Doctor Francia ? 

What were the United Provinces formerly ? What took place in 
1808 ? What is said of their condition ? 

What was Chili formerly ? What took place in 1810 ? In 1827 ? 
What is said of Patagonia Of its inhabitants.^ 

Review tlie three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON XII. 


EUROPE. 

ENGLAND. 

The history of England is interwoven with the history 
of modern nations and times. Some have supposed that 
England was inhabited nearly 3,000 years ago. The abo- 
riginal inhabitants were Celts. Subsequently the Goths, 
from the continent, made an invasion upon the island, and 
drove the native Celts from their possessions to the then 
uninhabited parts. A little while previous to the Christian 
era, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain, and 
subjected it to the Roman empire. The Romans held 
possession of the island till about the year 400. It was 
then conquered by the Saxons, and districted out into ter- 
ritories. These districts were afterward consolidated into 
one kingdom, by Egbert, king of West Saxony. This 


HISTORY. 


147 


state of things remained, under various modifications, till 
about the middle of the eleventh century, when the whole 
country was subdued by William, duke of Normandy. The 
present line of British sovereigns take their descent from 
this new establishment of power, styled, in British history, 
the Conquest. A revolution took place about the middle 
of the seventeenth century, in the course of which parlia- 
ment condemned and executed Charles I. Out of this state 
of things a republican form of government was attempted 
by Cromwell. At his death, the government was changed 
back into its former state, and the succession of kings was 
renewed. 

Soon afterward, owing to the intolerance and tyranny 
of James II., a bigoted Prince, parliament again assumed 
the sovereign power, and placed William of Orange 
upon the throne. From this era may be dated the 
commencement of that degree of liberty and religious tol- 
eration that now exists in England. After the reformation, 
the English government vibrated between Popery and Prot- 
estantism. Each party, when in power, was often exceed- 
ingly intolerant and oppressive. Ultimately, a compromise 
was made between the two great parties, and a mixture 
of the Protestant and Catholic forms and faith became, 
and now continues to be, the established religion of 
England. 

The English have extended their conquests into all 
quarters of the globe. They have large possessions in 
Africa, Asia, New Holland, America, and the islands of 
the sea. England may now be regarded as the most power- 
ful nation in the world. Her agricultural, naval, and com- 
mercial interests are unrivalled by those of any other 
country. 

Her debt is $3,800,000,000. Her annual income, or 
revenue, is about $250,000,000. Her exports are annually 
about $270,000,000 ; imports, $250,000,000. Her ex- 
ports are mostly derived from her colonial territories. 


QUESTIONS. By whom was England early inhabited? What 
followed ? What took place just before the Christian era ? What is 
said of the Saxons ? What is recorded of Egbert ? What took place 
in the eleventh century? What followed from this state of things? 
What took place in the seventeenth century ? What was the result? 


148 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


After Cromwell, what took place ? What in the time of James II. ? 
What may be dated from this era ? What followed for several cen- 
turies ? What was the final result ? What else is said of England ? 
Where have they possessions.? In what do they excel.? What are 
the debt, income, and revenue, of Great Britain.? What are the 
exports and imports .? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON XIII. 

SCOTLAND. 


The history of Scotland is blended with that of England. 
This country fell into the hands of the British about the 
fourteenth century. Little is known of this country before 
that time. The British power was repelled by Wallace and 
Bruce, early in the fifteenth century ; and the independence 
of Scotland was reestablished. Eor a loner time after- 

^ O 

ward, Scotland was a scene of revolutions and tumults. 
The Stuarts, who were the reigning family, were unfortu- 
nate; and finally, the celebrated Mary, queen of the Scots, 
having been put to death by Elizabeth, queen of England, 
James, the son of Mary, was placed upon the throne of 
England, and the government of Scotland has, from that 
time, been under the sovereignty of England. 


IRELAND. 

The original inhabitants of this island were Celts. Their 
history is dated as far back as two hundred years before 
Christ. Their line of kings is reckoned from Kimboath. 
The Irish were early converted to Christianity by the see 
of Rome. From the ninth to the eleventh century, the 
island was overrun by the Danes. They were finally ex- 
pelled. But the island soon fell into the hands of the British. 
The British yoke, however, sat hard upon the necks of the 


HISTORY. 


149 


free, proud sons of the Celtic race. They disdained their 
bondage, and frequent rebellions arose, by which Ireland 
was often made a field of blood. In order to keep the pa- 
triotic spirit of the Irish under, the most oppressive meas- 
ures were, from time to time, adopted by the English gov- 
ernment. Their goods were confiscated, the people sold into 
slavery, and the tithing system rigidly enforced. Ireland 
is a beautiful but disheartened country. With Scotland, 
it still remains a part of the British empire. 


SPAIN. 


The aboriginal inhabitants of Spain were Celts. It af- 
terward became a Roman province. It was subjected to 
the Romans, together with Carthage, in the second Punic 
war. But, when Rome fell, Spain fell also, and shared 
her fate. In 421, the empire of the Visigoths was founded. 
About three hundred years after, the Saracens, from Africa, 
took possession of the country. The African power was, 
by a long succession of wars, broken, and distinct king- 
doms were founded from the territory torn from the inva- 
ders. Ultimately, the different kingdoms were united into 
one government. Then were the days of Spanish glory. 
They had entirely expelled foreign invaders, and a new 
world, in the west, had been discovered, under their aus- 
pices, by Christopher Columbus. 

After this period, Spain began to decline. In 1808, 
she fell into the hands of the French, under Napoleon 
Buonaparte. Taking advantage of this, her foreign prov- 
inces revolted. Her subjugation to France, however, was 
but temporary. 

Spain has long been the theatre of civil and religious 
tyranny. The cruelties of the inquisition and the rack 
were long endured here. But, more recently, advances 
have been made towards general freedom. And though, at 
present, this kingdom is the scene of civil war, growing out 
of rival claims to the crown, yet it is hoped that this once 
wealthiest and most enterprising empire on the globe, will 
rise to that rank among the nations, and to the posses- 
sion of those civil rights, to which she has long been 
aspiring. 


13 * 


150 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 

QUESTIONS. What took place, in respect to Scotland, in the 
fourteenth century ? In the fifteenth ? And what subsequently ? 
What was the result ? 

What is said of the ancient Irish ? From whom were their kino-s 
reckoned.? What else is said of this island.? What took place be- 
tween the ninth and eleventh centuries .? What afterward .? Did 
they submit to this .? What course did England take .? What more 
is said of them .? 

Who were the ancient Spaniards.? What afterward took place.? 
What in 421 .? What 300 years afterward .? What finally followed .? 
What has taken jjlace since the days of Spanish glory .? What oc- 
curred in 1808.? Of what has Spain long been the theatre.? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


-o- 


LESSON XIV. 


PORTUGAL. 

The history of this country, up to the thirteenth century, 
is nearly identical with that of Spain. It was however 
early erected into a separate and independent kingdom. 
In the latter part of the sixteenth century, Philip, king of 
Spain, conquered this kingdom, and annexed it to his domin- 
ions. In 1640, the independence of Portugal was restored. 
In 1807, it was conquered by the French unoer Buonaparte, 
but it was soon restored to its former condition. It has 
since been the scene of bloody wars and revolutions. 


FRANCE. 

France was early subdued by the Roman power. The 
native Gauls were afterwards conquered by the Germans. 
The old race of kings became extinct in the year 754, 
and a new line was established. This dynasty continued 
about a century, when the Bourbon family assumed the 
throne. France, for a season, became subject to Eng- 
land, under Henry V. This subjection, at best but little 


HISTORY. 


151 


more than nominal, soon ceased, and France forthwith ex- 
tended her conquests far and wide, and rose to great politi- 
cal eminence in Europe. 

During the latter part of the last century, the prosperity 
and power of the French having declined, a bloody rev- 
olution broke out. A spirit of recklessness and anarchy, 
under the free principles, prevailed. The reign- 

ing monarch was dethroned. Every thing was in a state 
of distraction. Out of this state of things, a directory 
was formed. At this period, Napoleon Buonaparte ap- 
peared upon the political stage. He established a sort of 
republic, and afterwards an empire. He extended his 
power and conquests over most of Europe. After various 
fortunes and reverses, the power and government of Napo- 
leon were crushed by the allied powers of Europe. The 
Bourbons were then reinstated upon the throne of France. 
But their reign was brief. For, assuming tyrannical and 
absolute power, another revolution took place in 1830, 
The form of government was then entirely changed, and 
Louis Philippe placed upon the throne of France. The 
present government is liberal. Identified closely with the 
history of the French, for the last fifty years, is the name, 
ever dear to Americans, of Lafayette. He took a conspicu- 
ous part in both revolutions, as the champion of free prin- 
ciples, but as the unbending foe of the licentious, violent, 
lawless spirit that characterized his times. He never favored 
the schemes of Buonaparte. The prospects of France are 
now brioThteninor. 

QUESTIONS. With that of y/hat other country is the history of 
Portugal identified ^ What occurred in the sixteenth century ^ In 
1640.? In 1807.? 

By whom was France early subdued .? What afterward took 
place .? What in 750 .? When did the Bourbon family take the 
throne .? To what power did France become subject .? What fol- 
lowed after this subjection ceased .? What occurred during the last 
century .? What grew out of this state of things .? What conqueror 
then arose .? What did he establish .? By whom was he crushed .? 
What followed .? What took place in 1830 .? What is said of La- 
fayette .? 

% 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


152 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


L.ESSON XV. 

ITALY. 

Italy was once the seat of the most powerful empire on 
the globe. An extended history of this country cannot 
now be attempted. Little is known of this peninsula be- 
fore the landing of the Asiatic colonies. And the whole 
history of the Romans is so interwoven with mythology 
and fabulous tradition, that implicit reliance cannot be 
placed upon the early accounts of this nation. They rose 
gradually to civilization and eminence, by their enterprise 
and valor in arms. They finally subdued the Grecian em- 
pire, and with it the world. The golden period of litera- 
ture and refinement in Rome, was not, however, till her 
political and military power had begun to decline. Rome, 
at last, fell by its own weight and corruption. It was over- 
run by the Goths and Vandals, and other tribes from the 
north of Europe. About this time, the Christian religion 
was introduced into the empire, and soon became the 
established religion of the nation. The church and state 
were afterward united, and the government became a 
hierarchy, or ecclesiastical dynasty. This state of things 
remained, without much alteration, till the reformation, 
when the power of the pope was shaken. The advancement 
of liberal principles and of science has ever operated to 
weaken tyranical power, throughout the more enlight- 
ened nations where it has prevailed. During the latter 
part of the last century, Italy was conquered by Napo- 
leon, and the pope was made a prisoner of war. Since 
then, his civil power has been in a very fluctuating state. 
The country is, in fact, divided into distinct states, and the 
political dominion of the pope is exercised over but a few 
small provinces. 


GREECE. 

The history of Greece runs into that of Rome. The 
native tribes, as they rose to power and eminence, became 


HISTORY. 


153 


united into one empire. They afterward conquered the 
Trojans and Persians. Under Alexander the Great, their 
conquests were extended over nearly all the then known 
world. Greece was finally conquered by the Romans. Af- 
terward the condition of the Greeks was fluctuatinof. It 
ultimately fell into the hands of the Ottoman emperor. 
After having suffered great oppression from the Turkish 
power, a revolution took place in 1821, when the peninsula 
of Greece was drenched in blood. At length, the interpo- 
sition of several European powers ended the struggle, and 
the independence of Greece was acknowledged by the sul- 
tan of Turkey. 


QUESTIONS. What was Italy formerly ? By whom was it first 
settled? What is said of the history of this people ? Of their con- 
quests, refinement, power ? What became of Rome ? What soon 
followed? What form of government was established ? What took 
place at the reformation? What during the last centur}’- ? Wliat 
has been the state of the Popish power since Italy was conquered by 
JN apoleon ? 

With the history of what other country is that of Greece connect- 
ed ? What nations did the early Greeks conquer? What took place 
under Alexander ? By whom were the Greeks conquered ? Finally, 
into whose hands did this empire fall? What took place in 1B21? 
What powers assisted the Greeks ? What was the result of this 
struggle ? 

o o 

Review the tliree preceding lessons. 


♦ 


LESSON XVI. 

TURKEY. 

Little is known of the origin of the Turks. They were 
first known as a Scythian tribe, about the sixth century. 
About 800 years after, Osman, a Turkish chief, having ex- 
tended his conquests into Asia, assumed the title of sultan. 
Hence the origin of the Turkish or Ottoman empire. 
This empire soon became the seat of Mahometanism. 


154 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


This provoked the Christian powers to what are called 
crusades, instigated by Peter the Hermit, against the Ot- 
toman power, to rescue the Holy City from the hands of 
the Turks. This empire, during the last century, was 
greatly weakened and humbled by the Russian power, and 
more recently by civil wars, and the revolt of some of her 
most powerful provinces. 

* , 

SWITZERLAND. 

The Swiss are said to be descendants of the ancient 
Helvetii. They were long subject to Austria; but, having 
suffered much from long oppression, they rebelled, and ulti- 
mately became a separate and confederated government. 
Switzerland was- conquered by Buonaparte; but her sub- 
jection was short. She is now an independent government. 
Calvin, the great reformer, flourished here. 


AUSTRIA. 

Austria began to attract notice in the thirteenth century. 
Having made large acquisitions of territory and strength, 
she assumed a rank among the European crowns in the 
sixteenth century. Austria became an empire early in 
the present century. 


PRUSSIA. 

Prussia first assumed a rank among the kingdoms of Eu- 
rope in the eighteenth century. As a kingdom, Prussia grad- 
ually rose to power, and extended her territories, till finally 
they fell into the hands of Napoleon. Since then, this king- 
dom has been established upon a firm and independent basis. 
Prussia outdoes all other nations in her systems of education. 


QUESTIONS. Who were the Turks, when they were first 
known ? What can you say of Osman ? Of what did this empire 
soon become the seat ? To what did this lead ? Who instigated the 
crusades ? What took place during the last century 


HISTORY. 


155 


What is said of the Swiss ? To what government were they sub- 
ject ? What at length took place ? By whom was Switzerland con- 
quered ? What is her political condition now? What great reformer 
lived there ? 

What is said of Austria ? When did it become an empire ? 

How long has Prussia held a rank among the kingdoms of Europe ? 
Into whose hands did she fall? What has been her state since? 
What else is said of Prussia ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XVII. 

GERMANY. 

Ancient Germany was made up of independent prov- 
inces. It early fell into the hands of the Romans, and after- 
ward was brought under the dominion of Charlemagne. 
In the tenth century, it became an elective monarchy. It 
was crushed by the French power in 1806. In 1814, it 
was reestablished into a confederated form of government. 


BELGIUM. 

Belgium was formerly connected with Holland. When 
Holland revolted from the Spanish power, Belgium still re- 
mained a Spanish province. In the eighteenth century, it 
was subjected to Austria. In 1795, it was subjected to 
France. Afterward it was united with Holland. But they 
were oppressed by the Dutch, and in 1830 revolted, and 
became a separate government. 


HOLLAND. 

The early natives of this country fell into the hands of 
the Romans ; and in the ninth century, it was united with , 
Germany. Subsequently, the provinces of the Netherlands 


156 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


fell under the Spanish power. In 1581, they revolted, and 
waged a bloody war for freedom. They came off victori- 
ous, and formed a separate government. In 1794, this 
kingdom was conquered by France. With the fall of Na- 
poleon, the Dutch kingdom was established on its former 
basis. Since then, the Belgic provinces have revolted. 


DENMARK. 

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, were formerly called 
Scandinavia. After the Christian era, they were conquered 
and governed by the Goths. In the middle ages, the in- 
habitants of these countries were called Nor-mans^ or 
Northmen. After this time, they extended their conquests 
over Europe and the Atlantic islands bordering on the con- 
tinent. During the eleventh century, civilization and Chris- 
tianity were introduced. In the sixteenth century, Sweden 
was broken off from the empire, and in 1814, Norway was 
transferred by the allied powers to Sweden. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of ancient Germany? Into whose 
hands did it early fall ? Under whose dominion was it afterward ? 
What took place in the tenth century? Afterward, in 1806? And 
then in 1814 ? 

What is said of Belgium ? Did Belgium revolt from Spain with 
Holland ? What took place in the eighteenth century ? What since, 
in 1795 ? What afterward ? What in 1830 ? 

What is said of the early natives of Holland ? What took place in 
the ninth century? What in 1581? What was the result of this 
contest ? What took place in 1795 ? What at the fall of Napoleon ? 
What since ? 

What were Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, formerly called ? 
What took place after the Christian era ? What were they called in 
the middle ages? What then took place? What in the eleventh 
century ? What in the sixteenth ? What in 1814 ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


HISTORY. 


157 


LESSON yLYIII. 

NORWAY. 


The native Norwegians were Finns. They were at length 
expelled by the Goths. This country became subject to 
Denmark during the middle ages. It was arbitrarily wrest- 
ed from Denmark, and ceded to Sweden, by the allied 
powers, in 1814. 


SWEDEN. 

Sweden also was first peopled by the Finns, and conquered 
by the Goths. In the fourteenth century, it was conquered 
by the Danes. A few centuries afterwards, the Danish 
yoke was thrown off, under Gustavus Vasa, who was consti- 
tuted king. Their military career, for several centuries 
after this, was brilliant. Charles the Twelfth, after a brief 
career of prosperity and conquests, was finally crushed by 
the Russian power. 


POLAND. 

The natives of this country were Sarmatians. They 
have suffered great reverses from the very first. In the 
ninth century, Poland became a kingdom. In the latter part 
of the last century, it was divided between Russia, Austria, 
and Prussia, at three different periods. Napoleon con- 
quered a portion of this country, but the French dominion 
ceased at his downfall. In 1830, the Poles rose in rebel- 
lion against the Russians. After several successful battles, 
they were finally conquered ; and the Russian power over 
them is now complete. Though the Poles are a hardy, war- 
like people, they have, from the beginning, been subject to 
heavy reverses and misfortunes. They have suffered great 
oppression from their conquerors ; which, while it has 
tended to dishearten and humble them, has, at the same 
time, roused them to rebellion to recover that freedom and 

14 


158 


MISCELLANEOUS , VIEW. 


power for which they always had a strong passion. They 
are now a dejected and scattered people. 


RUSSIA. 

We knovv little of Russia before the fifteenth century, 
when it was subject to the empire of Tamerlane. But 
Peter the Great, early in the eighteenth century, laid the 
foundation of the Russian power and empire. His efforts 
and success in civilizing and elevating the Russian tribes 
were unparalleled. He gave existence and character to this 
empire. Catharine conquered the Poles and Turks. The 
empire rapidly rose in power and importance. The inva- 
sion of Napoleon, in 1812, was checked, and after his 
downfall, and the overthrow of the French empire, in which 
the Russian armies took a conspicuous part, the Russian 
conquests were widely extended over Western Europe. 
The Russian empire is one of the largest and most power- 
ful on the globe. 


QUESTIONS. Who were the native Norwegians.^ By whom 
were they expelled ? What took place in the middle ages ? What 
in 1814 .? 

By whom was Sweden first settled ? By whom conquered ? What 
took place in the fourteenth century ? What then followed ? What 
IS said of their military career? What of Charles XII. ? 

Who were the native Poles ? What has been their history ? What 
took place in the ninth century ? What in the last century ? What 
in 1830 ? What was the result of the contest with Russia ? W’^hat 
is said of the Poles ? What is their present condition ? 

When were the Russians first known ? Who was the father of 
this empire ? What is said of his efforts to civilize his countrymen ? 
What is said of Catharine ? What is said of the French invasion ? 
What has been the state of the Russian empire since ? 

Review the three preceding lessons 


HISTORY. 


159 


L.ESSON XIX. 


ASIA. 


TURKEY IN ASIA. 

This is the birthplace of civilization and of man. Man 
here first existed, and walked with God, and here fell. 
This was the theatre of the antediluvian world. Here the 
ark was made. Over these mountains and plains it floated, 
and on one of its summits rested. It was here that Abra- 
ham and the Jewish nation flourished, the prophets wrote 
and sung. Here stood Bethlehem and the Holy City. 
Here the Savior of the world was born, died, and ascend- 
ed. And this was the scene of most of the events recorded 
in the Bible. 

The ancient empires of Assyria and Babylon flourished 
here. But long before the Christian era, they were swal- 
lowed up in the Persian empire. Afterward, the Persian 
was lost in the Grecian empire ; and just before the Chris- 
tian era, this country, with all the Grecian dominions, fell 
into the vortex of Roman conquest. About 800 years after, 
the Saracens subjected this country to the Mahometan ca- 
liphs ; and 800 years after this, the Holy Land was sub- 
jected to the Ottoman or Turkish empire. A part of it, 
including the Holy City, is now claimed by the pacha of 

Egypt- 


ARABIA. 


This is the birthplace of Mahomet. He soon conquered 
Arabia and Syria, and spread his empire and religion wide 
over Europe, Asia, and Africa. Arabia has since been 
nominally subjected to the Porte, or Ottoman power. 


160 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


PERSIA. 

Persia, after its union with Media, became a powerful 
empire. Under Cyrus, the ancient Assyrian empire was 
conquered, and annexed to the Persian empire. But during 
the reign of Xerxes, a weak and unfortunate prince, this 
empire was conquered by the Greeks, and became a part of 
the Grecian empire. The largest army, probably, that was 
ever led into the field, consisting of several millions, was 
checked and broken, though not conquered, by perhaps the 
smallest that ever appeared on the field of battle — the three 
hundred Lacedemonians. 

Afterward, Persia fell into the hands of the Saracens and 
Turks. In the middle ages, it was overrun by the Mongols, 
and in the fifteenth century, by the Turcomans. It is now 
an absolute monarchy. 


QUESTIONS. Of what is Turkey the birthplace ? Mention 
some events that took place here. Some of the cities. Of Avhat was 
this country the scene What ancient empires flourished here ? 
What took place just before the Christian era.^ What 800 years 
after ? What 800 years after this ? 

Of what was Arabia the birthplace ? What is said of him ? To 
what power is Arabia now subjected ? 

What is said of Persia What took place under Cyrus What 
under Xerxes ? What is said of the battle ? What took place after- 
ward ? What in the middle ages ? What in the fifteenth century ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. -- 


♦ 


LESSON XX. 
INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 


The Tartars, like the ancient Scythians and Saracens, 
are invincible by civilization. They seem to possess a 
stereotyped character. In the thirteenth century, this 


HISTORY. 


161 


country was conquered by Genghis Khan ; but afterward 
Tamerlane threw off the Mongol yoke, subdued Persia, 
erected an empire, and, for a time, held in check the Turk- 
ish power in the west. It has latterly vibrated between the 
Russian and Chinese powers. The present government, 
however, is principally that of independent chiefs. 


AFGHANISTAN. 

This country rose from ancient barbarous tribes. It took 
the form of a kingdom in the eleventh century, and soon 
became the centre of an extensive empire. In the four- 
teenth century, it was subjected to the empire of Tamer- 
lane. Four hundred years after, the Afghans conquered 
Persia. Shortly after this, they were in turn conquered 
and subdued by the Persians. Since then, the Persian yoke 
has been thrown off. But the empire is broken up into 
provinces, governed mostly by independent chiefs. 


BELOOCHISTAN. 

Beloochistan compares, in most respects, with Afghanis- 
tan. This people have never risen to any political emi- 
nence in the world. They are still in a state of semi-civil- 
ization, and are governed mostly by independent chiefs. 


HINDOOSTAN. 

This country was invaded very early by the Egyptians, 
Persians, and Greeks, successively. The Mahometan 
power was established here in the eleventh century. Since 
then, the European powers have made discoveries and con- 
quests in this country. The English East India Company 
have established a commercial dynasty here, the effect of 
which has been to extend the English policy and power 
over nearly all the East Indies, and to subject the inhabit- 
ants to an oppressive vassalage. The English and Ameri- 
cans have established missionary stations here. 

14 * 


162 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of the Tartars.^ Of their character.^ 
What took place in the thirteenth century ? What soon after ? 
What is their present state ? 

What is said of Afghanistan ? What took place in the fourteenth 
century ? What 400 years after ? What subsequently to that time ? 
What IS its present state ? 

What is said of Beloochistan What is their present state 

By whom was Hindoostan early invaded ? What took place in the 
eleventh century ? What is said of the East India Company ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. . 




♦ 


LESSON XXI. 


FARTHER INDIA. 

The history of this country is nearly similar to that of 
Hindoostan. It has been the scene of wars and revolu- 
tions ever since its first discovery. Here, empires, like 
bubbles, have risen, broken, and fallen. It has finally 
shared the fate of Hindoostan, and a large portion of it is 
subjected to a British military despotism. 


CHINESE EMPIRE. 

The early history of this country is shrouded in dark- 
ness. It is, at best, confused and fabulous. The Chinese 
claim an antiquity almost as great as the geologists claim 
for the primitive earth. The rise of Confucius forms a 
new era in this empire. He flourished about 2,500 years 
since. He was of royal descent, but resigned his dignity, 
and betook himself to morals. He was the Socrates of his 
times. He enjoined universal benevolence, justice, virtue, 
and uprightness. As a teacher of morality, he gave char- 
acter to the nation. He made law and authority to be 
handmaids of morality, and parental government and in- 
fluence to involve and shape every other influence. Hence 


HISTORY. 


163 


■ originated the patriarchal form of government, which pre- 
vails in this empire. He led a quiet and abstemious life, 
and was distinguished for wisdom and mildness. Though, 
from disaffection, he had separated himself from the court, 
he did not attempt to overthrow the established form of 
government, but inculcated the duty of subordination to 
power, and the practice of all the private and public virtues. 

China has frequently been subdued by foreign conquer- 
ors, and has recently encountered a struggle with Great 
Britain. 

The Chinese have strenuously avoided all intercourse 
with other nations, and regard themselves as the ‘‘ Celestial 
Empire.’’ 


JAPAN. 

The first knowledge that the Europeans had of this 
country, was from Marco Polo, about 600 years ago. 
About two hundred years after, a Portuguese colony was 
founded there, and the celebrated Xavier, a Jesuit mission- 
ary, proceeded to Japan, to propagate Christianity. This 
he did with great success. About 40 years after, a revo- 
lution broke out, and a new line of kings began. The 
Jesuits and Portuguese suffered much from this new order 
of things, but they were exceedingly stubborn and refrac- 
tory. At length the Portuguese and the missionaries were 
expelled from the empire. Multitudes fell in the contest. 
But, before this, the Dutch had gained an influence with the 
natives, and had contributed not a little to the results just 
spoken of. They succeeded the Portuguese m influence 
and trade, but not in ecclesiastical affairs. The Japanese 
are exceedingly jealous of foreigners. They are a some- 
what refined and intelligent people. Their government is 
despotic. The Confucian philosophy has prevailed here 
extensively ; but paganism is now the prevalent religion. 


QUESTIONS. With what country does Farther India compare ? 
Of what has it been the scene ? What is now its condition ? 

What is said of the history of China ? What of the antiquity they 
claim What of Confucius.^ What did he enjoin? What effect 
had his teachings on the Chinese natioii ? Give a brief view of his 


164 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


i^stem. What was his personal character ? What else is said of 
China ? What do they style themselves ? 

How long ago was Japan known to the world ? What is said of 
Xavier ? What took place about 40 years after ? What befell the 
Portuguese and the missionaries ? What is said of the influence of 
the Dutch? What are the feelings of the Japanese toward foreign- 
ers ? What else is said of them ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 




i/eSSON XXII. 

AFRXG A. 

EGYPT. 


Egypt is a land famed in ancient history. It was once 
the home of the arts and sciences. Nowhere on earth can 
be found so many monuments of ancient power and splen- 
dor. Her labyrinths, catacombs, pyramids, and obelisks, 
artificial lakes and aqueducts, her cities and temples, now 
in ruins, are truly the wonders of the world. 

The political history of this country begins with the 
Pharaohs. For more than 1,000 years afterward, this coun- 
try presents an almost unbroken series of revolutions. 
About 400 years before Christ, it belonged to the Persian 
empire, and afterwards to the Grecian, till at length it be- 
came a Roman province. In the seventh century, it 
fell a prey to the Mahometan caliphs. In the middle ages, 
it became subject to the Turkish empire. About 40 years 
ago, it was conquered by the French, under Buonaparte. 

Mohammed Pacha, though nominally a Turkish viceroy, 
exercises absolute power over this country. He is an en- 
terprising, ingenious, and powerful prince. 


I 


\ 


HISTORY. 165 


BARBARY STATES. 

These states occupy a conspicuous place in ancient and 
modern history. Ancient Carthage and Numidia were in- 
cluded in this territory. These states are inhabited by a 
fierce and warlike people, of the Saracenic race. They 
have been several times subjugated by foreign powers. 
During the last century, they threw off the Turkish yoke, to 
which they had turbulently submitted, and erected them- 
selves into independent governments. They have since 
formed a line of piratical powers, to the great annoyance 
of most of the commercial nations. Their power has since 
been broken by the United States, by England, and by 
France. 


NUBIA. 


Nubia was anciently called Ethiopia. It was then a civil- 
ized and powerful people. Ethiopia gave arts, learning, and 
laws, to the Egyptians. They are black, but not of the 
Negro race. Neither the Persians, Romans, Saracens, nor 
Turks, could conquer them in their ancient glory. But 
their splendor and power are now gone. The country is 
broken up into weak and petty states, and governed by rival 
and tyrannical chiefs. 


ABYSSINIA. 


Little was known of this country till the fourth century, 
when it was converted to Christianity. About 1,000 years 
-afterward, the Portuguese waged war upon the Abyssinians, 
in order to introduce among them the Catholic faith. They, 
however, failed, and the Abyssinians have always since been 
jealous of Europeans, and they are now sunk into a semi- 
barbaric state. 

\ 

QUESTIONS. What is said of Egypt Of what was it once 
the seat ? With what does Egypt abound ? What is said of the 
Pharaohs ? What took place during the thousand years subse- 
quent ? What changes afterv/ard F What took place in the seventh 


166 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


century ? What in the middle ages ? What since ? What else is 
said of Mohammed Pacha ? 

What is said of the Barbary States ? By whom are they inhabit- 
ed ? Have they ever been conquered ? What took place during the 
last century ? What is said of them since ? By what nations has 
their power been 'broken ? 

What was Nubia anciently called? What is said of Ethiopia? 
What is said of their complexion ? Were they conquered anciently ? 
What is said of them now ? 

What is said of Abyssinia ? What afterward took place ? What 
is .said of the Abyssinians since ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XXIII, 


EASTERN AFRICA. 

Of the history of this vast region very little is known. 
Some trade is carried on with the Europeans. They often 
go naked. They believe in charms and divinations — are 
ignorant and stupid. 


SOUTHERN AFRICA. 


This region was visited by European adventurers a few 
centuries since, and colonies were established here. The 
CafFres and Hottentots inhabit the most of this country. 
Some of the tribes seem to be raised but a grade above the 
brute species, living in caves, or in the open air, sleeping 
often in the trees, and living upon grass, roots, toads, and 
insects. In other parts, they live more like human beings 
— have the semblance of huts or tents, and show a little 
more enterprise. 

Missionary efforts here have proved successful, and show 
the wonderful power of the gospel to elevate the mind and 
purify the heart. 


HISTORY. 


167 


WESTERN AFRICA. 

This vast circuit of country is a moral wilderness. It is 
the theatre of the foreio;n slave trade. The natives of 
this country have been seized and carried to almost all 
civilized countries. This has been a matter of legalized 
commerce ; but it is now forbidden by most of the govern- 
ments that have hitherto participated in it. Little was 
known of this country till recently. One impediment to 
gaining a knowledge of it is the sickliness of the climate. 


CENTRAL AFRICA. 

This region is settled by the Moors, or Negroes of an 
Arabic mixture. They are a timid and inoffensive people. 

What has been said of Western Africa is true, substan- 
tially, of them. Some advancement has been made in the 
arts and civilization. The land is very much neglected. 

In truth, Africa is an ill-fated country. It is situated 
mostly in the torrid zone. It is subjected to many unfavor- 
able physical influences ; among which are, a scorching 
sun and a pestilential atmosphere, rendered so in part by 
the deserts and swamps with which the interior abounds. 
These circumstances have conspired, with others, to debili- 
tate, and actually deform, the mental and physical constitu- 
tion of the inhabitants. 

The condition and complexion of the African people 
have tempted other nations to commit upon them cruelties 
and outrages which have hardly a parallel in the annals of 
human cruelty. 

The attention of the world, however, has been called, of 
late, to the condition of the African race. The slave trade 
is now legalized only by a few of the enlightened nations of 
the world ; and a sympathy, corresponding somewhat with 
the spirit of the Christian religion, is beginning to be felt 
for the African. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of Eastern Africa ? What of their 
trade, their superstitions, and character ? 


168 , 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


What is said of Southern Africa ? Who inhabit this region ? 
WJiat is said of them and their habits ? What is said of the mis- 
sionary efforts here ? 

What is said of Western Africa ? Of what is it the theatre ? 
Wliat is said of the slave trade ? Was much known of this country 
till recently ? What impediment to discoveries in this country ? 

By whom is Central Africa settled ? What is said of them ? What 
is said of Africa in general ^ To what is it subject ? What have 
these circumstances led to ? What have the Africans suffered in 
consequence ? What is now beginning to be the state of pulilic 

feeliiifr ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


♦ 


A BRIEF HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW 

OF 

THE DIFFERENT MISSIONS AND MISSIONARY STATIONS 

OF 

THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 


LESSON XXIV. 


The missionary enterprise is peculiar to the gospel dis- 
pensation. There was nothing essentially like it under the 
old dispensation. The progress of religion, anciently, was 
like that of a stream, confined close within its rock-bound 
banks. In the latter dispensation, it is like the same 
stream, swelling beyond its bounds, and fertilizing a world. 

Jesus Christ was in the hisjhest sense of the word a 
Missionary. He was sent of the Father to a lost world ; 
and he died a sacrifice for sin, and a martyr to his cause, 
upon the great field to which he was sent. 


MISSIONS. 


169 


His early disciples and apostles were missionaries. ‘‘ Go 
ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every crea- 
ture/^ was the Savior’s command and their instructions ; 
‘‘ and they went every where preaching the word.” 

The early Ch7'istians were missionaries. The action of 
the church, for the few first centuries, was a missionary action. 
The gospel was preached to most of the heathen nations then 
on the globe ; but it was not till since the dark ages of the 
church, that missionary operations took a systematic form. 

The first Protestant mission was undertaken about 300 
years ago. Gustavus Vasa, of Sweden, when he had de- 
livered his own country from the Danish yoke, and had es- 
tablished the religion of the reformation among his subjects, 
sent a missionary to Lapland. 

About 100 years after this, John Eliot commenced a 
mission among the American Indians in Massachusetts. 
This movement gave rise to systematic operations to spread 
the gospel among the native tribes. 

Early in the last century, the Danes established a mission 
in Hindoostan. Its influence has been extensive and happy. 
About 20 years afterward, a mission was established at 
Madras, and, as a consequence, nearly 1,500 converts 
united with the church. 

The Moravians next appear upon the scene of mission- 
ary enterprise. They have had stations in the West 
Indies, in Greenland, among the North American Indians, 
in South America, Labrador, and in South Africa. 

Their operations have been very successful. The Mo- 
ravians are emphatically a missionary people. Their reli- 
gion has taken that cast ; and the zeal with which they have 
prosecuted their operations is worthy of all praise. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of the missionary enterprise ? What 
was Jesus Christ ^ What were his disciples and apostles 

What is said of the church during the first centuries ? Who es- 
tablished the first Protestant mission ? Mention the facts. What 
took place 100 years afterward To what did this give rise ? What 
took place early last century ? What is said of the mission at Ma- 
dras ^ Where are the Moravian missionary stations ? What is said 
of their operations ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 

15 


170 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


LESSON XXV. 

BRITISH MISSIONS. 

CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONS. 

The London Missionary Society was established in the 
latter part of the last century. They have established mis- 
sions in the South Sea islands, Hindoostan, Birmah, Caf- 
fraria, among the Hottentots, in the West Indies, in South 
America, in New Holland, and in the Mediterranean. 
These missions have been, from time to time, most signally 
blessed, especially those in the Pacific, and in the East 
Indies, 

THE ENGLISH BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

This society has establishments in Bengal, Arracan, 
Hindoostan, in Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, the West Indies, in 
South America, and in South Africa. The missions at 
Bengal, in Hindoostan, and in the West Indies, have been 
greatly blessed. 


THE ENGLISH EPISCOPAL MISSIONS. 

The Church of England Missionary Society was formed 
about the commencement of the present century. They 
have stations in New Zealand, Hindoostan, Bombay, Cey- 
lon, North America, Abyssinia, Sierra Leone, and the 
West Indies. These missions have been blessed, especially 
the one at Sierra Leone, in Africa. 


ENGLISH METHODIST MISSIONS. 


The Wesleyan Missionary Society was formed in 1817. 
The English Methodists had previously exerted great 


MISSIONS. 


171 


influence in spreading the gospel in America and else- 
where. 

This society has missions in the West Indies, in Brit- 
ish America nearly eighty different stations, several in Asia 
and Ceylon, about thirty in Africa, and in different parts of 
Europe about forty. These operations have been greatly 
blessed. 

QUESTIONS. When was the London Missionary Society es- 
tablished ? Where have they missions ? What is said of their suc- 
cess ? What establishments have the English Baptists ^ What is 
said of their success ? When was the Church of England Mission- 
ary Society established Where have they stations What soci- 
ety was formed in 1817 ^ What is said of Them ^ .Where have they 
missions ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XXVI. 

AMERICAN MISSIONS. 

THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR 

FOREIGN MISSIONS. 

This board was formed in 1810. Application had pre- 
viously been made to a body of Congregational clergymen, 
by a few devoted individuals, who were in a course of prep- 
aration for the ministry, for assistance to enable them to 
prosecute their purpose to spend their lives among the 
heathen. This led to the formation of the board. It has 
four stations in Africa, two in Greece, six in Turkey, four 
in Syria, two in Persia, four among the Mahrattas, seven 
in Southern India, seven in Ceylon, two in Siam, one in 
China, one at Singapore, three in Borneo, seventeen at the 
Sandwich Islands, and twenty-five among the American 
Indians. Some of these missions have been greatly blessed, 
especially those at Ceylon and the Sandwich Islands, 


172 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS. 


The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. This 
board is the channel of missionary operations for a large 
portion of the Presbyterian church in the United States. 

It has establishments in West Africa, the East Indies, 
and among the North American Indians. It has one sta- 
tion at Singapore, and several at Texas. 


AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONS. 


The American Baptist Board of Foreign Missions grew 
out of the American Board of Missions. This Board was 
formed through the influence, in part, of the Rev. A. Jud- 
son, one of the first missionaries of the American Board, 
after having changed his opinions in respect to baptism. 

The Board has sixteen stations in Europe, two in Africa, 
(Liberia,) seventeen among the American Indians, thirty- 
seven in Asia. Birmah is the seat of their operations in 
Asia. 

The operations of this society, on the whole, have been 
very successful. 

AMERICAN METHODIST MISSIONS. 

T'he Methodist Episcopal Church Missionary Society 
was organized in 1819. They have establishments in 
Africa, South America, and in Texas. This society has 
several stations among the American Indians. 


THE FREE-WILL BAPTIST MISSIONS. 


This denomination have not till recently taken the for- 
eign missionary field. They have one station at Orissa. 

QUESTIONS. Mention the circumstances that led to the forma- 
tion of the American Board. When was it formed Where have 


MISSIONS. 


173 


they stations? What is said of their success? What is said of the 
Presbyterian Board? Out of v/hat did the American Baptist Board 
grow? Mention the circumstances. Where have they stations? 
With what success have they met? What is said of the Methodist 
Episcopal mission ? Where was this society formed ? Where have 
they operations ? Where is the Free-will Baptist missionary 
station ? 

Review che three preceding lessons. 




LESSON XXVII. 
CATHOLIC MISSIONS. 


It has been remarked that the Roman Catholics, from 
the very first, have propagated their faith by missionary 
operations. In prosecuting their grand design of convert-' 
ing the world to their religious views, they have, from time 
to time, exhibited a zeal that has had no parallel in the 
history of missions. Almost ail of South America, by 
these operations, has been converted to their faith; and 
their influence has extended widely over North America. 
They have spread their faith throughout a large proportion 
of the countries of Europe, and are making the most 
strenuous exertions to propagate their religion in the East 
Indies and in Central Asia. They have recently made 
vigorous efforts to establish missions in the islands of the 
Pacific Ocean. 

The Jesuits hold the political and moral influence of 
the Papal hierarchy, and are the missionaries and mission- 
ary patrons of this vast establishment. 

The funds of the Catholic missionary establishments 
are derived mostly from France, Italy, Austria, and Great 
Britain. 


15 * 


174 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


OTHER MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. 


The German Missionary Society has stations in Siberia 
and in Liberia, and several in Hindoostan. 

The French Protestant Missionary Society was formed 
in 1822. They have several stations in South Africa. 

The Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland has stations at 
Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, and in other places. 

The Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society has mission- 
ary establishments in the West Indies, and in various parts 
of Asia. 

The Glasgow Missionary Society was formed in 1796. 
It has missionary stations at South Africa, among the 
Caffres. 

The Netherland 3Iissionary Society has establishments 
in the East Indies and in Siam. 

The Rhenish Alissionary Society has several missionary 
stations in South Africa, 

Jlie Jewish Missionary Society was formed in 1808. It 
has over fifty missionaries and assistants, employed in vari- 
ous parts of Europe and Asia. 


QUESTIONS. What is said of Catholic missions ? Where have 
they operations ? 

What is said of the Jesuits ? Whence do the Catholics derive their 
funds to carry on their operations? 

Where has the German Missionary Society establishments ? 

When was the French Missionary Society formed, and where have 
they stations ? 

Where lias the Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland missionary 
operations? Where the Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society? 
Where the Glasgow Missionary Society ? 

Where the Netherland Missionary Society ? The Rhenish Mis- 
sionary Society ? The Jewish Missionary Society ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


STATISTICS. 


175 


TABULAR VIEW OF MISSIONS. 


Missionary Societies. 

Stadons. 

Mission- 

aries. 

Communi- 

cants. 

Moravian, 

52 

241 

16,390 

London, 

5G2 

158 

7,100 

English Baptist, 

132 

140 

23,200 

Church of England, 

92 

183 

2,947 

Wesleyan Methodist, (Eng.) 

219 

643 

72,690 

American Board, 

85 

526 

21,261 

Presbyterian Board, 

12 

32 

Unk’n. 

American Methodist, 

50 

100 

3,510 

American Baptist, 

67 

112 

2,100 

Free-will Baptist, 

1 

3 

Unk’n. 

German, 

4 

12 

(( 

French, 

8 

13 

117 

Scottish, 

5 

7 

1,196 

Glasgow, 

3 

4 

Unk’n. 

Netherland, 

13 

19 


Jewish, 

23 

50 

(( 


Note. In the above table, the wives of missionaries, and also as- 
sistants, are in some cases included. 


♦ 


POPULATION OF THE DIFFERENT NATIONS AND 
COUNTRIES ON THE GLOBE, AND THE SQUARE 
MILES THEY CONTAIN. 



Population. 

Square Miles. 

America, 

44,000,000 

15,000,000 

North America, 

29,500,000 

8,500,000 

United States, 

17,000,000 

2,000,000 

Maine, 

502,000 

35,000 ' 

New Hampshire, 

285,000 

9,500 

Vermont, 

293,000 

8,000 

Massachusetts, 

738,000 

7,750 

Rhode Island, 

109,000 

1,250 

Connecticut, 

310,000 

4,760 


176 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


New York, 

Population. 

2,429,000 

Square Miles. 

46,000 

New Jersey, 

373,000 

7,800 

Pennsylvania, 

1,724,000 

47,000 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

78,000 

2,100 

10,000 

469,000 

District of Columbia, 

44,000 

100 

Virginia, 

1,240,000 

68,000 

North Carolina, 

753,000 

50.000 

32.000 

South Carolina, 

594,000 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

691,000 

61,000 

591,000 

52,000 

376,000 

48,000 

Louisiana, 

Tennessee, 

352,000 

49,000 

829,000 

45,000 

Kentucky, 

780,000 

40,000 

Ohio, 

1,519,000 

45.000 

63.000 

Michigan, 

212,000 

Indiana, 

686,000 

35,000 

Illinois, 

476,000 

55,000 

Missouri, 

384,000 

63,000 

Arkansas, 

98,000 

54,000 

British America, 

2,000,000 

2,500,000 

Canada, 

885,000 

230,000 

New Brunswick, 

119,000 

30,000 

Nova Scotia, 
Newfoundland, 

120,000 

14,000 

80,000 

30,000 

Texas, 

200,000 

~ 333,000 

Mexico, 

8,000,000 

1,250,000 

Guatimala, 

2,000,000 

200,000 

West Indies, 

3,000,000 

100,000 

South America, 

14,200,000 

6,500,000 

New Grenada, 

1,660,000 

400,000 

V enezuela. 

1,000,000 

400,000 

Equador, 

660,000 

250,000 

Guiana, 

194,000 

160,000 

Brazil, 

5,000,000 

3,000,000 

Peru, 

1,500,000 

500,000 

Bolivia, 

United Provinces, 

1,250,000 

400,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

Paraguay, 

250,000 

84,000 

Chili, 

1,400,000 

200,000 

Europe, 

230,000,000 

3,500,000 

Spain, 

14,000,000 

170,000 


STATISTICS. 


177 


Portugal, 

Population. 

3,500,000 

Square Miles. 

40,000 

Italy, 

20,000,000 

120,000 

Greece, 

600,000 

20,000 

Turkey, 

9,000,000 

200,000 

Austria, 

32,000,000 

250,000 

Switzerland, 

2,000,000 

15,000 
7], 000 

Germany, 

14,000,000 

Prussia, 

12,500,000 

110,000 

France, 

32,000,000 

200,000 

Belgium, 

4,000,000 

13,000 

Holland, 

2,750,000 

12,000 

Denmark, 

2,000,000 

20,000 

England, 

14,000,000 

42,000 

Wales, 

800,000 

8,000 

Ireland, 

7,750,000 

31,000 

Scotland, 

2,250,000 

30,000 

Norway, 

1,000,000 

120,000 

Sweden, 

3,750,000 

170,000 

Russia, 

52,000,000 

2,000,000 

Asia, 

Turkey, 

420,000,000 

16,000,000 

9,000,000 

500,000 

Arabia, 

12,000,000 

1,000,000 

Persia, 

10,000,000 

500,000 

Afghanistan, 

13,000,000 

330.000 

170.000 

Beloocliistan, 

2,000,000 

Herat, 

1,500,000 

170,000 

Hindoostan, 

140,000,000 

1,400,000 

Farther India, 

30,000,000 

750,000 

Chinese Empire, 

242,000,000 

5,000,000 

1,250,000 

China Proper, 

146,250,000 

Thibet, 

Tartary, 

12,000,000 

400,000 

6,000,000 

2,000,000 

Japan, 

25,000,000 

250,000 

Independent Tartary 

7,000,000 

7,000,000 

750,000 

Siberia, 

4,750,000 

Africa, 

90,000,000 

11,000,000 

Egypt, 

3,000,000 

200,000 

Tripoli, 

910,000 

190,000 

Tunis, 

Algiers, 

1,750,000 

55,000 

1,500,000 

91,000 

Morocco, 

3,000,000 

100,000 

Fez, 

Nubia, 

1,500,000 

70.000 

500,000 

325,000 

Abyssinia, 

3.500,000 

300,000 


178 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


Liberia, 

Sierra Leone, 
Guinea, 


Population. 

25.000 

13.000 

5 , 000,000 


Square Miles. 

20,000 

5,000 

4 , 000,000 


The population of most of Africa has not yet been ascertained. 


Oceanica, 

Malaysia, 

Australasia, 

Polynesia, 


20,000,000 

17 , 000,000 

2 , 500,000 

750,000 


4 , 000,000 

3 , 500,000 

3 , 500,000 

200,000 


♦ 


EXTENT OF THE SEVERAL OCEANS AND SEAS. 


OCEANS. 


Oceans. 

Square Miles. 

Pacific, ..... 

. 50,000,000 

Southern, ..... 

30,000,000 

Atlantic, ..... 

. 25,000,000 

Indian, ..... 

17,000,000 

x\rctic, ..... 

1,000,000 

SEAS. 

~ 

Seas. 

Square Miles. 

Chinese, ..... 

. 1,000,000 

Caribbean, .... 

800,000 

Mediterranean, .... 

600,000 

Okotsk, ..... 

500,000 

Celebes, . . . . . 

206,000 

Chorea, ..... 

206,000 

Black, ...... 

195,000 

North, ..... 

159,000 

Caspian, ..... 

120,000 

Hed, ...... 

98,000 

Baltic, ...... 

90,000 

White, ..... 

35,000 

Marmora, ..... 

6,000 

Irish, 

5,000 


RAILROADS 


179 


Some of the 

ISHED, OR 


FRiNciPAL Railroads, finished, unfin 
CHARTERED, IN THE UnITED StATES. 


Names. 


Bangor and Oldtown, 

Eastern, 

Boston and Concord, 

Boston and Providence, 

B<Jston and Worcester, 

Western, 

Providence and Stonington, 
Norwich and Worcester, 
Hartford and New Haven, 
Housatonic, 

Long Island, 

U uca and Schenectady, 
Mohawk, 

Saratoga and Schenectady, 

Tx'oy and Ballston, 

U tica and Syracuse, 

Auburn and Syracuse, 

Lockport and Niagara, 

Burtalo and Niagara, 

Ithaca and Oswego, ' 
Rochester and Batavia, 

New York and Erie, 

Paterson, 

Camden and Amboy, 

Jersey Ciiy and Trenton, 
Pliiladelphia and Trenton, 
Philadelphia and Columbia, 
Pliiladelphia and Reading, 
Philadelphia and Baltimore, 
Columbia and Gettysburg, 
Danville and Pottsville, 

Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, 
Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, 
Lancaster and Harrisburg, 
B.dtimore and Susquehannah, 
Williamsport and Elmyra, 
Carbondale and Honesdale, 
Cumberland Valley, 

New Castle and Frenchtown, 
Baltimore and Ohio, 

Baltimore and W ashington, 
Winchester, 

Richmond and Petersburg, 
Richmond and Potomac, 
Petersburg and Roanoke, 
Portsmouth and Roanoke, 
Raleigh and Gaston, 

Gaston and Belfield, 

Wilmington and Raleigh, 
Charleston, 

Central , 

Tuscumbia and Decatur, 
Montgomery and Chattahoochee 
Vicksburg, 

Jackson and Brandon, 

Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, 
New Orleans and Nashville, 
West Feliciana, 

Memphis and La Grange, 
Tallahasse, 
liexington and Ohio, 

Central, 

Detroit and Pontiac, 

Erie and Kalamazoo, 

Madison and Lafayette, 


Places united. 


Bangor and Oldtown, 

Boston and Portland, 

Boston and Concord, 

Boston and Providence, 

Boston and Worcester, 

Worcester and Albany, 

Providence and Stonington, 

Norwich and Worcester, 

Hartford and New Haven, 

Bridgeport and New Milford, 

Brooklyn and Greenport, 

Utica and Schenectady, 

Albany and Schenectady, 

Saratoga and Schenectady , 

Troy and Ballston, 

Utica and Syracuse, 

Auburn and Syracuse, 

Lockport and Niagara Falls, 

Buffalo and Niagara Palls, 

Ithaca and Oswego, 

Rochester and Batavia, 

Hudson River and Lake Erie, 

Jersey City and Paterson, 

Camden and Amboy, 

Jersey City and Trenton, 

Philadelphia and Trenton, 

Pliiladelphia and Columbia, 
Philadelphia and Reading, 

Philadelphia and Baltimore, 

Columbia and Gettysburg, 

Danville and Pottsville, 

Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, 
Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, 
Lancaster and Harrisburg, 

Baltimore and Susquehannah River, 
Williamsport and Elmyra, 

Carbondale and Honesdale, 
Chambersburg and Harrisburg, 

New Castle and Frenchtown, 

Baltimore and Ohio River, 

Baltimore and Washington, 

Winchester and Harper’s Ferry, 
Richmond and Petersburg, 

Richmond and Potomac River, 
Petersburg and Blakeley, 

Portsmouth and Roanoke River, 
Raleigh and Gaston, 

Gaston and Belfield, 

Wilmington and Halifax, 

Charleston and Augusta, 

Savannah and Macon, 

Tuscumbia and Decatur, 

, Montgomery and Chattahoochee River, 
Vicksburg and Jackson, 

Jackson and Brandon, 

Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, 

New Orleans and Nashville, 

St. Prancisville and Woodville, 
Memphis and La Grange, 

Tallahasse and St. Marks, 

Lexington and Louisville, 

Detroit and Lake Michigan, 

Detroit and Pontiac, 

Toledo and Adrian, 

Madison and Lafayette, 


Miles 

long. 

Slates. 

13 

Maine. 

no 

Mass, and Maine. 

75 

Mass, and N. H. 

42 

Mass, and R. 1. 

43 

Massachusetts. 

147 

Mass, and N. Y. 

46 

R. I. and Conn. 

58 

Conn, and Mass. 

35 

Connecticut. 

35 

do. 

98 

New York. 

80 

do. 

16 

do. 

20 

do. 

25 

do. 

63 

do. 

22 

do. 

22 

do. 

20 

do. 

29 

do. 

47 

do. 

— 

do. 

17 

New Jersey. 

51 

do. 

58 

do. 

26 

Penn, and N. Y. 

81 

Pennsylvania. 

58 

do. 

98 

Penn, and Md. 

40 

Pennsylvania. 

44 

do. 

35 

do. 

36 

do. 

35 

do. 

76 

Md. and Penn. 

70 

Penn, and N. Y. 

16 

Pennsylvania. 

50 

do. 

16 

Delaware. 

329 

Md. and Va. 

38 

Md. and D. C. 

30 

Virginia. 

21 

do. 

75 

do. 

60 

Va. and N. C. 

80 

do. do. 

90 

North Carolina. 

20 

N. C. and Va. 

160 

North Carolina. 

136 

S. C. and Georgia. 

200 

Georgia. 

46 

Alabama. 

85 

do. 

45 

Mississippi. 

14 

do. 

7 

do. 

564 

La., Mi., and Tenn. 

27 

La. and Miss. 

50 

Tennessee. 

20 

Florida. 

85 

Kentucky. 

175 

Michigan- 

25 

do. 

33 

do. 

155 

Indiana* 


I 


180 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


iLOLiX 

y.«A/c, 

12 . 


Some of the principal Canals, finished and unfin- 
ished, IN THE United States. 


Names* 

Places connected. 

Length, 

States. 

Cumberland and Oxford, 

Portland and Lake Sebago, 

18 

Maine. 

Middlesex, 

Boston and Lowell, 

27 

Massachusetts. 

Blackstone, 

Providence and Worcester, 

45 

Mass, ami R. Isl. 

Farminglon, 

New Haven and Northampton, 

78 

Conn, and Mass. 

Hiulsoii and Delaware, 

Ilonestlale and Hudson River, 

88 

N. y. and Penn. 

Erie, 

Albany and Builalo, 

363 

New York. 

Champlain, 

Lake Champlain and Hudson River, 

63 

do. 

Black River, 

Rome and Black River, 

76 

do. 

Rochester and Olean, 

Rochester and Olean, 

107 

do. 

Oswego, 

Syracuse and Oswego, 

38 

do. 

Chenango, 

Binghampton and Utica, 

97 

do. 

Seneca, 

Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, 

20 

do. 

Cayuga, 

Geneva and Montezuma, 

20 

do. 

Chemung, 

Seneca Lake and Elmyra, 

23 

do. 

Ithaca and Oswego, 

Ithaca and Oswego, 

27 

do. 

Morris, 

Jersey City and Easton, Pa. 

10 1 

N. J. and Penn. 

Delaware and Rariton, 

New Brunswick and Bordentown, 

42 

New Jersey, 

Delaware, 

Bristol and Eastern, 

60 

Pennsylvania. 

Pittsburg and Erie, 

Franklin and Erie, 

90 

do. 

Lehigh, ' 

Easton and White Haven, 

60 

do. 

Schuylkill, 

Philadelphia and Port Carbon, 

108 

do. 

Little Schuylkill, 

Schuylkill River and Coal Mines, 

24 

do. 

Union, 

Reading and Middletown, 

78 

do. 

Penn. Railroad and Canal, J 

Philadelphia and Pittsburg, 

395 

do. 

Northumberland, 

Penn. Canal to Northumberland, 

39 

do. 

West Branch, 

Northumberland and Sinnemehonin R. 

125 

do. 

North Branch, 

Northumberland and Elmyra, 

150 

Penn, and N. Y. 

Beaver, 

Beaver and Mercer City, 

35 

Pennsylvania. 

Sandy and Beaver, 

Beaver and Bolivar, 

75 

Penn, and Ohio. 

Delaware and Chesapeake, 

Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, 

14 

Delaware. 

Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. & C. 

Georgetown and Pittsburg, 

342 

Va. and Maryland 

Dismal Swamp, 

Chesapeake Bay and New Lebanon, 

23 

Va. and N. Caro. 

Weklen, 

Welden and Blakely, 

12 

N. Carolina. 

Santee, 

Santee and Cooper Rivers, 

22 

S. Carolina. 

Savannah and Ogeechee, 

Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, 

16 

Georgia. 

Muscle Shoals, 

Round Muscle Shoal, 

37 

Alabama. 

La f'ourche. 

New Orleans and Grand Lake, 

75 

Louisiana. 

Orleans, 

New Orleans and Lake Ponchartrain, 

7 

do. 

Miami, 

Cincinnati and Maumee, 

265 

Ohio. 

Ohio State, 

Portsmouth and Cleveland, 

309 

do. 

Wabash and Erie, 

Lafayette and Toledo, 

214 

Indiana and Ohio. 

Illinois, 

Peru and Chicago, 

100 

Illinois. 


END 




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